Baraas Aswan toowɗo

Baraas Aswan toowɗo

gravity dam, embankment dam, hydroelectric power station

Golle imaaɗe	1960
Lesdinkeejum	سد أسوان
Drainage basin	Nile basin
Reservoir created	Lake Nasser
Lesdi	Misra
Nder laamoore	Aswan Governorate
Located in or next to body of water	Maayo Niil
Annditirɗum	Maayo Niil
Jonde kwa'odineto	23°58′17″N 32°52′49″E
Operator	General Authority for the High Dam and Aswan Reservoir
Category for maps or plans	Category:Maps of Aswan High Dam

 

 From Wikidata

Baraas Aswan toowɗo, ko heewi innireede tan baraas Aswan, ko gooto e baraasuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere nde, mahaaɗo hakkunde 1960 e 1970 e sara maayo Niil to Aswan, Ejipt. Eɓɓaande ndee ko laamu Misra feewni ɗum e ballal Dental Sowiyet ngam moƴƴinde haɓaade ilam, ɓeydude jolngo ndiyam ngam irtude e heɓde kuuraa ndiyam. Baraas oo yiytaa ko no huunde himmunde e peeje njulaagu leydi ndii. Hono no golle gadiiɗe ɗee nii, baraas toowɗo oo waɗii batte keewɗe e faggudu e pinal leydi Ejipt.

Nde nde timmi, ko nde baraas leydi ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee, nde ɓuri baraas Chatuge to Amerik. Baraas oo, mo waɗi ɓulli maayo Nasser, mahaa ko 7 km (4.3 mi) dow maayo Aswan Low Dam, ngo timminii e hitaande 1902, ngo woni ko e huutoraade ɗum no feewi.

Nde baraas ɓooyɗo oo woni e nokku mum, ilam Niil hitaande kala e nder darorɗe ndunngu ina jokki e rewde ko ɓuri heewde e dow falnde ndee tawa alaa ko haɗi ɗum, gila e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo to Fuɗnaange Afrik. Ɗee ilamji ngaddi ndiyam toowɗam e ñamri tawaandi e miniraaji ɗi hitaande kala ina alɗina leydi ɓuuɓndi e saraaji mum e delta mum ; ndeeɗoo teskagol waɗiino falnde Niil ndee no feewi ngam remde gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi. Kono noon, ndeeɗoo ilam ina seerti, sibu duuɓi ndiyam toowɗam ina mbaawi bonnude ndema fof, duuɓi ndiyam seeɗa ina mbaawi addude yooro yaajngo, ɗum noon ko heege. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina njokki waɗde sahaa e sahaa fof.

Nde yimɓe Misra ɓeydii heewde e karallaagal ɓeydii, yiɗde e mbaawka fof ƴellitii ngam haɓaade ilam ɗam haa timma, e noon kadi, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e wallitde leydi ndema e ndema mum hottollo, teeŋtuɗo faggudu. E ɓeydagol mawngol desorɗe ɗe baraas Aswan mawɗo oo rokki, ilam ina waawi reeneede kadi ndiyam ɗam ina waawi reeneede ngam yaltinde ɗum caggal ɗuum e nder duuɓi keewɗi.

Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ndiyam to Moscow waɗi baraas Aswan. Faandaare ndee ko ngam ndiyam e ƴellitaare semmbe, baraas oo ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe ɗe ngonnoo ko kese e kitaale 1960, ina heen kadi rido luggiɗngo no feewi les ɓuuɓri mum. Hay so tawii noon reservoir oo maa siltu, hay limtooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude ɗii ina kollita wonde baraas oo maa rokku ko famɗi fof duuɓi 200 golle.

Daartol mahdi

Arannde winndaande eɓɓoore mahngo baraas sara Aswan ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire, nde ganndo mawɗo e injenieer Ibn al-Haytham (anndiraaɗo Alhazen to Hirnaange) noddiraa Misra e juuɗe Kaliifa Fatimid Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ngam yuɓɓinde ilam to Nile Dam. Caggal nde golle makko e nder ladde ɗee kolliti mo wonde ndee feere ina waawi huutoreede, e kulol tikkere Kaliifa, o waɗiri majjere. O woni ko e kasoo galle gila hitaande 1011 haa al-Hakim maayi e hitaande 1021, e oon sahaa o winndi deftere makko mawnde wiyeteende Optics.

Baraas les Aswan, hitaande 1898 haa 1902

Biritaan en puɗɗii mahde baraas gadano oo e maayo Niil ko e hitaande 1898. Mahngo ngoo juuti haa hitaande 1902, baraas oo udditaa ñalnde 10 desaambar 1902. Eɓɓaande ndee ko Sir William Willcocks waɗi ɗum, tawi ina waɗi innjiniyankooɓe mawɓe heewɓe, ina jeyaa heen Sir Benjamin Baker e Sir John Aird, mo fedde nde wonnoo kontraktoor.

Arannde baraas mawɗo Aswan, 1954-1960

Ƴeew kadi : Uddugol maayo Suez (1956-1957)

E hitaande 1952, injenieer Giriik-Misra biyeteeɗo Adrian Daninos fuɗɗii ƴellitde peeje baraas keso Aswan. Hay so tawii baraas Low oo ina fotnoo ustaade e hitaande 1946, laamu laamɗo Farouk hollirii wonde ina yiɗi peeje Daninos. E nder heen, peeje falnde Niil ɗe ganndo ndiyam biritaan biyeteeɗo Harold Edwin Hurst yiɗi, ɗe njiɗi ko mooftude ndiyam e nder Sudaan e Ecoppi, ɗo ɓuuɓol ɓuri famɗude. Darnde Ejipt wayliima no feewi caggal nde laamu nguu liɓi, tawi ko Gamal Abdel Nasser ardii ɗum. Ofiseeji Libre ɗii ina njenanaa wonde ndiyam Niil ina foti reeneede e nder leydi Ejipt ngam dalillaaji politik, e nder lebbi ɗiɗi, peeje Daninos ɗee njaɓaa. E fuɗɗoode, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e URSS fof ina njiɗi wallitde ƴellitaare baraas oo. Caɗeele ngari sabu luural maɓɓe e wolde huuɓtodinnde, kam e ɓeydagol jiiɓru hakkunde aarabeeɓe.

Egyptian President Nasser and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam on 14 May 1964. At this occasion Khrushchev called it "the eighth wonder of the world"

E hitaande 1955, Nasser ina wiya wonde ko kanko woni hooreejo ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e luulndaade laamuuji gaadanteeji, teeŋti noon e Laamu Hashemite to Irak caggal nde ɓe cifondiri nanondiral Baghdad hitaande 1955. E oon sahaa U.S. ina huli wonde kominist en ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, ina yi’a Nasser no hooreejo leydi ndii nii, e nder fedde aarabeeɓe haɓantoonde kominist en. Amerik e Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi wallude e mahngo baraas mawɗo oo, e ñamaande 270 miliyoŋ dolaar, ngam yoɓde ardorde Nasser e safrude fitinaaji Arab-Isra’iil. Nde o luutndii kominist, kapitalism, e imperiyaalism, Nasser hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo mo alaa ko woni e mum, o yiɗi gollodaade e U.S. e URSS ngam nafoore Ejipt e Arab. Caggal nde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) ñiŋi njanngu ngu Isra’iil yani e konu Misra to Gaza e hitaande 1955, Nasser annditi wonde o waawaa hollude hoore makko wonde hooreejo ngenndiyankeewo pan-Arab so tawii o waawaano daranaade leydi makko e konu Isra’iil. Gaagaa peeje makko ƴellitaare, o ƴeewi ko yaawi ƴellitde konu makko, o ruttitii ko adii fof e Amerik ngam ballal.

Gamal Abdel Nasser observing the construction of the dam, 1963

E lewru Juko hitaande 1956, Sowiyet en ndokki Nasser miliyaaruuji 1.12 dolaar e riiba 2% ngam mahngo baraas oo. Ñalnde 19 lewru juko, Departemaa Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik hollitii wonde ballal kaalis Amerik ngam damal toowngal ngal "waawaa waɗde e ngonka hannde kaa."

Ñalnde 26 lewru juko hitaande 1956, e weltaare mawnde e Misra, Nasser habrii laamu leydi Suez Canal tawi ina waɗi njoɓdi laaɓtundi wonande joom mum en ɓooyɓe. Nasser dañii peeje ngam heɓde ngalu ngu canal oo heɓata ngam wallitde mahngo baraas mawɗo oo. Nde wolde Suez fuɗɗii, Dental Dowlaaji Dentuɗi e Farayse e Israayiil keɓti kanaal oo e Sinaay oo. Kono tampere Amerik e URSS to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi, addani ɓe yaltude.

E hitaande 1958, URSS jokki e rokkude ballal e eɓɓaande dam toownde.

A view from the vantage point in the middle of High Dam towards the monument of Arab-Soviet Friendship (Lotus Flower) by architects Piotr Pavlov, Juri Omeltchenko and sculptor Nikolay Vechkanov

E kitaale 1950, arkewolosi en puɗɗii waɗde heen kulhuli wonde nokkuuji keewɗi taariindi mawɗi, ina heen suudu dewal Abu Simbel, ina jogori ɓuuɓde e ndiyam mooftaaɗam caggal baraas oo. Golle hisnude puɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960 e les njiimaandi UNESCO (ngam humpitaade laaɓal ƴeew les ɗoo e les njiimaandi Effects).

Ko fayti e mawnugol mum, eɓɓaande Aswan ndee bonnaani no feewi ballal yoɓde leydi Ejipt. Kredituuji tati Sowiyetik zi ina njogii ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuzu eɓɓaande ndee, ina jeyaa heen njoɓdi sarwisaaji karallaagal, kaɓirɗe peewnugol e jolngo semmbe naatnaaɗe e won e kaɓirɗe naatnaaɗe ngam ƴellitde leydi. Misra teddinaaka no feewi e yovde e njovdiiji zi, ko vuri heewde e mavve njovdi ko duuvi 12 e riiwaaji zi 2-1/2 % ina famzi no feewi. Yovgol URSS ngol ko vursugol tokosol tan e nder feccere adannde e kitaale 1960, e veydaare ngalu vursugol ngol ummorii ko e gese ndema e leydi kesiri ndi, ina heewi ustude yovgol sarwisaaji njovdiiji zi e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi. E nder kitaale 1965–1970, ɗeen ngalu njeeygu ina tolnoo e 126 miliyoŋ dolaar, so renndinaama e yoɓde sarwisaaji ñamaale ko ina tolnoo e 113 miliyoŋ dolaar.

Pewnugol e hebbingo, 1960-197

Sowiyet en kadi ndokki karallaagal e masiŋaaji teeŋtuɗi. Ko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev mo Duɗal Hidroprojet to Moscow,[3][4], wondude e won e innjiniyankooɓe Ejiptnaaɓe, peewni baraas mawɗo oo e kaaƴe e loope. 000 injenieer e gollotooɓe Misra mballitii e mahngo baraasuuji ɗii.

Ko adii fof ko injiniyankooɓe Almaañ hirnaange e Farayse peewni ɗum e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950, kadi ina fotnoo yoɓeede e kaalis Hirnaange, baraas toowɗo Aswan oo wonti eɓɓoore ballal ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde lollude e nder URSS caggal nde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Biritaan en, e Banke Adunayankeewo ngam Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) njaltini ballal mum en miliyoŋaaji Sowiyetik gadani ngam suɓaade mahngo baraasuuji kaɓirgal ngam ustude maayo Niil ɓeydaama e hitaande 1958. 225 miliyoŋ dolaar ɓeydaama e hitaande 1960 ngam timminde baraas oo e mahngo gollorɗe baawɗe ƴellitde semmbe, caggal ɗuum fotde 100 miliyoŋ dolaar rokkaama ngam moƴƴinde leydi. Ɗeeɗoo njoɓɗeele fotde 425 miliyoŋ dolaar ina njoɓa tan ko njoɓdi mbaylaandi eɓɓaande ndee, tawi ina jeyaa heen njoɓɗeele inɗeele Sowiyetik toppitiiɓe eɓɓaande ndee, kam en ngoni halfinaaɓe udditgol e jarribo kaɓirɗe Sowiyetik. Pewnugol tigi rigi ngol fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, ko sosiyeteeji Ejiptnaaɓe mbaɗi ɗum e dow nanondiral e laamu toowngu baraas oo, tee njoɓdi nder leydi ndii fof ko Ejiptnaaɓe njoɓata ɗum. Naatgol Misra e ngal gollal ɓeydii mbaawka e innde gollordu mahdi ndii no feewi.[5]

To bannge Ejipt, eɓɓaande ndee ardii ɗum ko fedde Osmaan Ahmed Osmaan Arab Contractors. Osman, suka gorko, ustii feccere e gañoowo mum gooto.[18]

• 1960: Fuɗɗoode mahngo ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa[19]
• 1964 : Daawe gadane mahngo baraas oo timmi, reservoir fuɗɗii hebbinde
• 1970 : Baraas toowɗo, as-Sad al-'Aali, timminaama ñalnde 21 sulyee[20]
• 1976 : Reservoir yettiima mbaawka mum.

Sifaaaji

Baraas Aswan toowɗo oo ina waɗi meeteruuji 3 830 (12 570 meeter) njuuteendi, 980 m (3 220 meeter) njaajeendi to les, 40 m (130 meeter) njaajeendi to dow e 111 m (364 meeter) toownde. Ina waɗi 43 000 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (56 000 000 cu yd) kaɓirɗe. So ɓurii heewde, 11 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (390 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo/s) ndiyam ina waawi rewde e baraas oo. Ina woodi kadi ɓulli goɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi ngam ɓeydude 5 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde kala (180 000 cu ft/s), e kanaal Toshka ina jokkondiri e ɓuuɓol ngol e ɓuuɓol Toshka. Reservoir oo, ina wiyee maayo Nasser, ina waɗi 500 km (310 mi) njuuteendi mum[22] e 35 km (22 mi) e njaajeendi mum ɓurndi heewde, e njaajeendi mum ko 5 250 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2 030 miil kaaree). Ina waɗi 132 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (1,73×1011 yd kuuɓtodinɗo) ndiyam.

A panorama of the Aswan Dam looking south

Sifaa ndiyam

Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert

Water balances

Main irrigation systems (schematically)

Sabu ŋakkeende toɓooli keewɗi, ndema Misra fawii tan ko e ndiyam. E nder ndiyam, ina waawi dañde ko ina wona 200 000 mbuuzu e nder yontere, so wonaa tawa ko tovo ngo ina jogii dumunna mawnugol fotde hitaande wootere.

Baraas toowɗo to Aswan ina yaltina, e nder cakkital, kiloomeeteeruuji 55 kubik (45 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam e hitaande kala, tawi heen ko ina wona 46 kiloomeeteer kubik (37 000 000 acre⋅ft) ina njuutee e ɓulli ndiyam.

E nder falnde Niil e delta, fotde 336 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (130 000 miil kaaree) ina naftoroo ɗeen ndiyam, ko ina tolnoo e 1,8 ndema hitaande kala. Kuutoragol ndiyam e ndema hitaande kala ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (31 000 000 ektaar⋅ft). Ndeen noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 38/46 = 0,826 walla 83 %. Ɗum ko ƴellitaare ndiyam toownde no feewi. Nafooje ndiyam ladde ina pamzi no feewi, kono ngalu nguu ina huutoree kadi les. Ngalɗoo kuutoragol jokkondirngol ina addana en ƴellitaare toownde e nder kuuɓal.

* Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 feddan is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre.

* Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)

Tablo ngo hollirta ko peccitagol ndiyam vursam dow ɓulli calɗi ummotooɗi e ɓulli ndiyam gooti mawɗi, ɓulli Mansuriya sara Giza.[23]

Branch canal	Water delivery in m3/feddan *
Kafret Nasser	4,700
Beni Magdul	3,500
El Mansuria	3,300
El Hammami upstream	2,800
El Hammami downstream	1,800
El Shimi	1,200

Ko heewi e ndiyam ɗam e nder weeyo Aswan ko hedde 0,25 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (0,42 lb/cu yd), ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e ndiyam ɗam. E nder njuuteendi 55 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (45 000 000 ektaar⋅ft), njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ina yettoo 14 miliyoŋ ton hitaande kala. Hakindo njuuteendi ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam yaltata e nder geec e nder geecuuji daande maayo ko 2,7 kiloo e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (4,6 lb/cu yd).[25] E nder vursugol hitaande kala ko kiloomeeteeruuji 10 kuuɓtodinɗi (2,4 miil kuuɓtodinɗi) (so limtaaka kilooji 2 e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo [3,4 lb/cu yd] naatgol lamɗam ummoraade e geec e maayooji, ƴeew nate "Balansuuji ndiyam"), vursugol lamɗam hitaande kala ina yettoo 27 miliyoŋ ton. E hitaande 1995, yaltugol lamɗam ɓuri heewde e naatgol ngol, tee leyɗeele ndema Misra ina ustoo lamɗam. Feccere e ɗuum ina waawi tawa ko sabu keewal eɓɓooji ɓuuɓɗi les leydi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi capanɗe cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi.[26]

Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e ɓuuɓri leydi sabu ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina ɓura 20 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (7 700 miil kaaree) ina njogii jolngo les leydi e ko ina tolnoo e 7,2 kiloomeeteer kaaree (2,8 miil kaaree) ndiyam ina ɓuuɓna hitaande kala e nokkuuji jogiiɗi ɗiin jolɗe. Hakindo njovdi gollal e nder tovo ngo e nder duuvi 27 tuggi 1973 haa 2002 ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, zum wonnoo ko njovdi peewnugol, mahngo, toppitagol, wiztooji e heblooji. E nder oo sahaa eɓɓooje mawɗe 11 mbaɗaama e ballal kaalis Banke Adunaajo e dokke goɗɗe.[27]

Batte mum

Dam toowɗo oo waɗii ndeenka e ilam e yooro, ɓeydagol peewnugol e golle ndema, peewnugol kuuraa, e moƴƴitingol yah-ngartaa ina nafta kadi turism. Ko wayno noon, baraas oo ina ɓuuɓna nokku mawɗo, ɗum addani yimɓe ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 eggude. Nokkuuji arkewolosi keewɗi njippiima e ndiyam, woɗɓe njippiima. Baraas oo ina tuumaa e ɓuuɓri daande maayo, e ɓuuɓri leydi, e caɗeele cellal.

Ƴeewndogol njoɓdi e nafooje baraas oo ina heddii e luural duuɓi capanɗe caggal nde o timmi. E fawaade e limre wootere, nafoore faggudu hitaandeere nde Dam toowzo oo hevata ko ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde o timmini, ko 255 miliyoŋ £, 587 miliyoŋ dolaar kuutortooɗo mbaydi mbaylaandi e hitaande 1970 ko 2,30 dolaar wonande kala E£1 : 140 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndema, 100 miliyoŋ E£ ummoraade e peewnugol ndiyam e miliyoŋaaji E£50 yahdu. E sahaa nde nde mahiraa ndee, njoɓdi mayre fof, tawi ina heen « eɓɓaaɗe ballitooje » ɗe laaɓtaani, kam e ɓeydagol laabi kuuraa, ko 450 miliyoŋ £. So en teskiima batte bonɗe ɗe baraas oo waɗi e weeyo e renndo, ko noon kadi njoɓdi mum ina foti heɓtineede e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi tan.[28] Laaroowo gooto teskiima: "Batte baraas toowɗo Aswan (...) ina moƴƴi no feewi. Hay so tawii baraas oo ina addana won e caɗeele taariindi, ɗeen caɗeele ina kollita wonde ina famɗi no feewi ko ɓuri ko yimɓe cikkatnoo, walla jooni ko yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini ɗum."[29] Laaroowo goɗɗo oo jaɓaani ɗum. Loppitde nde ina foti yoɓde tan ko seeɗa e kaalis potɗo huutoreede ngam "jokkude haɓaade bonnugol baraas oo" e 500 000 ektaar (1 900 sq mi) leydi ndi ina waawi heɓtineede e laabi loope dow leeso weendu nduu.[30] Samuel C. Florman winndi dow baraas oo: "No mbaydi ndii nii, ko ɗum nafoore. Kono e batte mum e ekolosii (ecologie) e nder maayo Niil – ko ɓuri heen heewde ina waawi teskaade – ko ɗum ŋakkere".[31]

Ilamji e yooro sahaa e sahaa fof ina njibina Misra gila ko ɓooyi. Baraas oo ustii batte ilam, ko wayi no batte ilam e hitaande 1964, 1973, e 1988. Laana ndiwoowa e maayo ngoo moƴƴinaama, dow e les baraas oo fof. Laana ndiwoowa dow maayo Niil ɗum kuugal turism ɓurdungal yiɗugo, ko ɓuri waɗugo nder wakkati ndunngu nde ndiyam Nile waawataa heɓuki yahdu laanaaji ndiyam. Pewnugol hitaande kala ko hedde 35 000 ton e cakkital kitaale 1990. Fabriikaaji ngam liɗɗi e paaspooruuji mbaɗaama sara maayo ngoo.[32]

E wiyde ciimtol CIA ngol 1971, hay so tawii noon baraas mawɗo oo addanaani ɗum en caɗeele ekolosii no feewi no won e ƴeewooɓe mbiyata nii, mahngo mum addii caɗeele faggudu kam e dañal. Ɗeeɗoo caɗeele ummorii ko e jooɗaade e nder maayo dam, silt alɗuɗo mo maayo Niil joginoo e aadaaji. Haa hannde (1971), batte mum ɓuri teeŋtude ko e njulaagu liɗɗi. Naatgol Ejipt e nder geec Mediteraane, ngol meeɗiino tolnaade e 35 000–40 000 ton hitaande kala, ustiima haa 20 000 ton walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu majjugol plankton ñamlirteengol silt ngol, ittii keewal sardiiji e nder ndiyam Ejipt. Liɗɗi nder maayo dam toowngo ina waawi e nder sahaaji ko famɗi fof ustude majjugol liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, kono ko ɓuri laaɓtude tan ko limtooji ɗii mbaɗata ko ina tolnoo e 15 000–20 000 ton. Sawaade jokkude ɓuuɓde e hunduko maayo ngoo kadi addani ɗum caɗeele mawɗe e ɓuuɓgol. Haajuuji njulaagu e caɗeele salteende e ɓuuɓri, mawɗi tawo e nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam duumotooɗam e nder Misra les e hakkundeejo, maa ɓeydo seeɗa e Misra toowɗo e waylude ndiyam duumotooɗam.[5]

Reende yooro, peewnugol ndema e golle

The Egyptian countryside benefited from the Aswan High Dam through improved irrigation as well as electrification, as shown here in Al Bayadiyah, south of Luxor

Baraaji ɗii kadi ndeenii Misra e yoorooji ɗi 1972–1973 e 1983–1987 bonni Fuɗnaange e Hirnaange Afrik. Baraas toowɗo oo addani Misra heɓtude fotde miliyoŋaaji 2,0 feddan (840 000 ektaar) e nder weeyo Niil e saraaji falnde Niil, ɗum ɓeydi heen tataɓal nokkuuji ndiyam leydi ndii. Ɓeydagol ngol addi ko e ndiyam ko wonnoo jeereende e addude les ndema 385 000 ektaar (950 000 ektaar) tawi ko adii ɗuum ina huutoree ngam reentaade ilam.[33] Fotde feccere miliyoŋ galleeji koɗi e ɗeen leyɗeele kese. Haa teeŋti noon e nokkuuji ɗo ndema maaro e suukara woni ɗoo ɓeydiima. Yanti heen, fotde miliyoŋaaji 1 feddan (420 000 ektaar), ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e Misra Toowɗo, wayliima gila e ndiyam ilam tawa ina waɗi aawdi gooto tan e hitaande, haa e ndiyam duumotooɗam ina addana ɗum aawdiiji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande. E dow leydi ngoɗndi ndi ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ko adii ɗuum, kosam ɗam ɓeydiima sabu ndiyam ina waawi heɓeede e sahaaji caɗtuɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata. Yeru, alkama e nder leydi Ejipt ɓeydiima laabi tati hakkunde 1952 e 1991 e ɓeydagol ndiyam ɓurngol moƴƴude addani ɗum ɓeydaade. Ko vuri heewde e 32 km3 ndiyam laaɓɗam, walla fotde 40 e nder teemedere (40%) e njuuteendi ndiyam Niil ɗam, ko adii ɗuum, ina waawi huutoreede e nafoore. So tawii ko ina wona 10 km3 ndiyam ɗam hisnaa ɗam ina majja sabu ɓuuɓgol e nder maayo Nasser, ndiyam ɗam ina woodi ngam irtude ina ɓeydoo haa jooni fotde 22 km3.[32] Hiisaaji goɗɗi ina kollita wonde ɓuuɓol ummoraade e maayo Nasser ina tolnoo e 10 e 16 km kubik e hitaande kala.[34]

Pewnugol kuuraa

Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background

Baraas oo ina jogii semmbeeji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof ina jogii 175 megawatt (235 000 hp), tawi ko 2,1 gigawatt (2 800 000 hp). Pewnugol semmbe fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1967. Nde baraas mawɗo oo fuɗɗii yettaade tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1970, o waɗii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e semmbe kuuraa (fotde 15 e nder teemedere e hitaande 1998), kadi o rokki ko ɓuri heewde e gure Misra kuutoragol kuuraa ko adii fof. Dam toowɗo oo kadi ɓeydii moƴƴinde golle e yaajnude nokkuuji ɗo ndiyam Aswan ɓooyɗam woni ɗoo, e yuɓɓinde jolɗe dow.[32] E sahaa nde golle ɗee njoofi, ko ndeen woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Afrik, ko ndeen woni nokku 6ɓo e nder winndere ndee to bannge kuuraa ndiyam.

Denndaangal gollorɗe doole High Dam timminaama ko adii nde njoɓata. Turbineeji sappo e ɗiɗi mbaɗaama, ƴeewtaama, rokki werlaaji ɗii mbaawka liggorgal 2 100 megawatt (MW), woni ko ɓuri laabi ɗiɗi e nder leydi ndii e hitaande 1960. E nder ngalɗoo mbaawka, werlaaji Aswan ina mbaawi yaltinde 10 miliyaar kWh semmbe hitaande kala. Laabi ɗiɗi 500 kiloovolt feewde Kayhayɗi njoofiima, caɗeele gadane gonɗe e jolngo, ummoriiɗe ko ɓuri heewde e insulatoruuji bonɗi, cakkitii. Kadi, bonnugol ngol komandooji Israayiil mbaɗi e station transformateur mawɗo e hitaande 1968, moƴƴinaama, kadi station Aswan ina jokkondiri no feewi e lowre doole to les Ejipt.[35] E hiisaare hitaande 1971, doole guurɗe to Aswan yottataa ko ɓuri feccere e mbaawkaaji teskuyaaji ɗii, sabu ŋakkeende ndiyam e ceertugol laabi kuutoragol ndiyam e nder yontaaji ngam irrigaasiyoŋ e peewnugol doole. Ɗaɓɓaande ndema e ndiyam e nder ndunngu ina ɓura ko ina wona 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam heɓde doole kuuraa ɗe ndunngu nguu famɗi no feewi. Kuutoragol ndiyam teeŋtuɗam e ndunngu, kono, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ŋakkude e les njiimaandi Misra ngam newnude peewnugol semmbeeji ndiyam e mbaadi timmundi e nder ndunngu. Wiɗtooji karallaagal kollitii wonde ko ɓuri heewde e ko yaltata e hitaande kala ko ina tolnoo e miliyaaruuji 5 kWh ina wayi no ko ɗuum tan waawi jogaade sabu waylo-waylo weeyo Niil.[36] Pewnugol kuuraa Aswan High Dam ina ɗaminaa maa ɗum battin e mega-damuuji dowri e nder yontaaji yooro juutɗi.[37]

Hakkillaaji

Wiɗto Nicol-André Berdellé waɗi e hitaande 2024 hollitii wonde ɓuuɓgol e ɓuuɓgol baraas toowɗo Aswan ina waawi wonde musiiba mawɗo wonande leydi Ejipt, sibu ina gasa tawa ina waawi bonnude ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ƴellitiiɗi e nder leydi ndii, kadi ina waawi saabaade miliyoŋaaji sappo e maayɓe. Sabu mawnugol maayo Nasser e jaawgol wakkati kewu nguu, ɗum ina jeyaa e kewuuji ilam ɓurɗi bonde e daartol. Leydi ndi toɗɗaa ndi, waawataa remde caggal ɗuum sabu ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi, ndi ɓuuɓnata ko heewi e leydi ndema ndii, ndi addanta ndeen heege mawnde e nder leydi Ejipt.

Sabaabuuji laaɓtuɗi ɗi Berdellé holliti ɗii ina njeyaa heen : ŋakkeende baraas mawɗo Ecoppi Renaissance, njangu konu e baraas oo, walla ilam Niil toowɗam hitaande kala. Sabu jokkude ɓuuɓde e les maayo Nasser, Berdellé wiyi wonde hono ndeeɗoo hiirde maa ɓeydo waɗde hitaande kala, tee maa waɗ e nder duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi so wonaa tawa ko golle ƴettaa. Berdellé wiyi wonde lowre ndee ina golloree e toɓɓe ndiyam ɗe ngonaa kisal, o noddi laamuuji Ejipt yo ustu toɓɓe ndiyam e luggiɗde e ɓuuɓri Toshka.[38][39]

Koɗdigal e njoɓdi

Lake Nasser ilam ɗuuɗɗum haa les Nubia nden yimɓe 100,000 yahugo 120,000 koɗi haa lesdi Sudan bee Misra.[40]

To leydi Sudan, 50,000 yahugo 70,000 Nubinaaɓe Sudannaaɓe ngummiima wuro ɓooyngo Wadi Halfa e gure koɗdiiɗe mum. Woɓɓe ɓe ngurtinaama haa koɗol kesol dow daande maayo Nasser bi'eteengol New Wadi Halfa, woɓɓe boo ɓe ngurtinaama ko yotti kilooji 700 (430 mi) haa fombina haa lesdi Butana semi-arid haa sera wuro Khashm el-Girba dow maayo Atbara. Kiliimaaji toon ɗii ina njoginoo sahaa toɓooli keewɗi ko wayi no nokkuuji maɓɓe jeereende ɓennuɗi ɗi toɓo alaa ɗo toɓata. Laamu nguu waɗii eɓɓaande ndiyam, ina wiyee New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme ngam ndema cotton, gawri, kaaƴe suukara e gese goɗɗe. Nubinaaɓe koɗtinaama e nder gure capanɗe joy (25) peewnaaɗe, ina heen duɗe, cuuɗi safaara, e golle goɗɗe, ina heen ndiyam paabi e won e laylaytol.

Haa Misra, ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder 50,000 Nubi'en wurtinaama kilomiitaaji tati haa sappo diga maayo Niil haa sera Edna be Kom Ombo, kilomiitaaji 45 (28 mi) dow maayo Aswan nder ko wi'etee "Nubi keso".[41] Koɗki e kuuɗe mahaama ngam 47 gure ɗe jokkirli maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ɓadiiɗum bee Nubiya ɓooyma. Leydi ndiyam ina rokka ngam aawde ko ɓuri heewde e kaaƴe suukara.[42][43]

E hitaande 2019-20, Misra fuɗɗii yoɓde Nubinaaɓe ɓe mbaasi galleeji mum en caggal nde baraas oo yani.[44]

Nokkuuji arkewolosi

Winndannde mawnde: Kampaañ winndereejo ngam hisnude monumndaaji Nubi

Monumndaaji 22 e cuuɗi mahdi ɗi ilam hulɓinii e maayo Nasser, ina heen cuuɗi Abu Simbel, ndesndaama e nawde ɗi to daande maayo ngoo e les kampaañ UNESCO Nubi.[45] Kadi ko Filae, Kalabsa e Amada njippii.[32]

Ɗee monimaaji ndokkaama leyɗeele ballitooje golle ɗee :

• Suudu Debod haa Madrid
• Temple Dendur to suudu defte ñeeñal wuro New York
• Suudu Taffeh haa suudu defte Rijks van Oudheden haa Leiden
• Suudu Ellessiya haa suudu defte Egizio haa Turin

Ɗee geɗe ƴettaa ko e nokku jarde to suudu defte ngenndi Sudaan to Khartoum:[46]

• Suudu Ramses II to Aksha
• Suudu Hatsepsut to Buhen
• Suudu Khnum to Kumma
• Yannge laamɗo Nubi biyeteeɗo Djehuti-hotep to Debeira
• Suudu Dedwen e Sesostris III to Semna
• Kolonnji granit ummoriiɗi e Katedraal Faras

• Feccere e nate jumaa Faras ; feccere woɗnde ndee ko e nder suudu defte ngenndiiru Warsaw.

Suudu Ptah to Gerf Hussein ina joginoo taƴre mum nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa mahde to Kalabsha keso, sara suudu Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, e Kiosk Qertassi.

Nokkuuji arkewolosi keddiiɗi ɗii, ina heen fort Buhen e yanaande Fadrus, maayo Nasser yani ɗum en.

Majjugol ƴiye

Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, maayo Niil ina moofti ƴiye keewɗe – ina waɗi ceene laaɓtuɗe, silto e loope – e dow gese to Ejipt Toowɗo rewrude e ilam mum hitaande kala, ina addana leydi ndi ɓuuɓde. Kono tan, nafoore ñamri ndii ina heewi limteede. 88 e kala 100 e vursugol ngol nawtaama to maayo hade mahngo baraas toowzo oo. Nafoore nguura nde vursugol ngol veydi e leydi ndii ko 6 000 ton potaas tan, 7 000 ton pentoksiid fosfaat e 17 000 ton azot. Ɗee limooje ina pamɗi so en ƴeewtindiima ko haani ngam yettaade geɗe keɓaaɗe hannde e nder ndiyam Misra.[47] Kadi, saaktude ƴiiƴam hitaande kala sabu ilam Niil ina waɗa e daande maayo Niil. Nokkuuji woɗɗuɗi maayo ɗi meeɗaa heɓde ilam Niil ko adii ɗuum, jooni ina njulee.[48]

Haala ɓurka saɗtude e nanngugol ndiyam e baraas oo ko ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol daande maayo taariiɓe Delta Niil. Ina ŋakki limtooji koolniiɗi.

Ɓooygol ndiyam e ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi

Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, tolno ndiyam les leydi e nder falnde Niil ina wayloo fotde 8–9 m (26–30 ft) hitaande kala e tolno ndiyam Niil. E nder ndunngu nde ɓuuɓol ɓuri heewde, tolno ndiyam les ɗam ina luggiɗi no feewi haa addani salteeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e dow leydi rewrude e golle kapilaar. E majjugol ilam hitaande kala e ndiyam tedduɗam e nder hitaande kala, toɓɓe ndiyam leslesam ina keddii toowɗe tawa ina famɗi ɗo mbayliigaaji ɗii mbaɗi, ɗum addani ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde. Salinirde leydi kadi ɓeydiima sabu woɗɗude hakkunde leydi ndii e ndiyam ɗam ina famɗi no feewi (1–2 m fawaade e ngonka leydi ndii e nguleeki mum) ngam newnude ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde haa ɓuuɓol seeɗa ngol e nder ndiyam ɗam ina moofta e dow leydi ndii e nder duuɓi. Nde tawnoo ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele ndema ɗee ngalaa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ngam ustude ndiyam ɗam, salinization ina addana seeɗa-seeɗa batte ndema.[33] Ƴeewirde rewrude e ɓulli leslese e laabi ɓulli ina foti wonde huunde himmunde ngam haɗde bonnugol geɗe ndema e ɓuuɓri leydi e ɓuuɓri ndiyam. E hitaande 2003, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 2 ektaar ina njogii njuɓɓudi ndiyam leslesre, tawi njoɓdi mum ko hedde 3,1 miliyaar dolaar, tuggi 1973 haa 2002.[49]

Jam baandu

Skin vesicles: a symptom of schistosomiasis. A more common symptom is blood in the urine.

E ko luurdi e teskaaɗe keewɗe baɗaaɗe ko adii mahngo baraas mawɗo Aswan e binndanɗe baɗɗe caggal ɗuum, wonde keeweendi schistosomiasis (bilharzia) — ñawu nguu ina saɗta e jokkondiral e ndiyam laaɓɗam tawa ina wondi e mborosaaji ɓuuɓɗi — ina ɓeydoo, kono ɗum ɓeydaaki.[50] Ndeeɗoo teskaare teskaaki tolno ndiyam duumotooɗam ɗam ina woodi tawo e nder leydi Ejipt fof duuɓi capanɗe ko adii uddugol baraas toowɗo oo. E kitaale 1950, ko seeɗa tan e Ejipt toowɗo waylaaka gila e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (transmission les) feewde e ndiyam duumotooɗam (transmission toownde). Yaajde laabi ndiyam duumotooɗi e nder leydi Ejipt fawaaki e baraas toowɗo oo. E goonga, e nder duuɓi 15 udditgol baraas toowɗo oo, ina woodi seedeeji laaɓtuɗi kollitooji wonde bilharzia ina ustoo to Ejipt toowɗo. Gila ndeen S. haematobium majjii haa laaɓi. Sabaabuuji teskinɗi ina njeyaa heen moƴƴitingol golle ndiyam. E nder Delta Niil, rafi schistosomiasis ina heewi no feewi, tawi noon ina heewi e gure ɗee fotde 50% walla ko ɓuri ɗum fotde teeminannde ko adii ɗuum. Ɗumɗoo ko batte waylude Delta oo e ndiyam duumotooɗam ngam aawde hotollo juutɗo, mo Angalteer waɗi. Ɗum wayliima. Porogaraamuuji safaara mawɗi e kitaale 1990 kuutortooɗi leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe e hunuko, mballitii no feewi e ustude ŋakkeende e tiiɗnaare S. mansoni e nder Delta.

Batte goɗɗe

Sediment gonɗo e nder weendu nduu ina usta mbaawka mooftude ndiyam e nder maayo Nasser. Capaato mooftirgel ngel ko 162 km3, ina heen 31 km3 mooftirgel maayngel to les 147 m (482 ft) dow tovo ngo, 90 km3 mooftirgel nguurndam, e 41 km3 mooftirgel ngam ndiyam ilam toowɗam dow 175 m ()7a. Ko ina tolnoo e 134 miliyoŋ ton njaaweeki maayo Niil hitaande kala. Ɗum firti ko ɓuuɓri mooftirndi maayndi ndii ina heewi caggal duuɓi 300–500 so tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina moofti e tolno gooto e nder nokkuuji maayo ngoo fof. Ko laaɓi tan, ɓuuɓol ina moofta ko ɓuri yaawde e dow ŋoral maayo ngoo, ɗo ɓuuɓol ngol waɗii tawo ko ina wona nokku mooftirɗo nguurndam.

Ko adii mahngo baraas toowɗo oo, 50 000 km (31 000 mi) e nder leydi Ejipt ina foti ɓuuɓneede sahaa kala ngam ittude ƴiye. Caggal mahngo baraas oo, huɗo ndiyam ina yaawi mawnude no feewi e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam, tawi ina wallita ɗum e heddiiɓe e mborosaaji. Njuuteeki laabi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi ɗii fof ko hedde 27 000 km (17 000 mi) e cakkital kitaale 1990. Weendu ina addana ɗum seeɗa-seeɗa e laabi juuɗe, mekanik e biyoloji.

Industry mahngo birik boɗeejo, baɗɗo teemedde usineeji kuutortooɗi ɓulli Niil e sara maayo, kadi ina metti. Nde ɓe keɓaani ƴiiƴam, ɓe puɗɗii huutoraade alluvium ɓooyɗo mo leydi ndema ndi wonaa ɗuum ina yaltina e peewnugol haa 120 kiloomeeteer kaaree (46 miil kaaree) hitaande kala, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 1 000 kiloomeeteer kaaree (390 miil kaaree) halkaama e hitaande 1984," nde laamu nguu « further success prohibited tan ɓuuɓri. E wiyde lowre wootere, hannde, brik ina waɗee e karallaagal kesal kuutortoongal mbaydi ceene e loope, ina wiyee kadi wonde gollordu brik baɗaandu e loope ina waawi tampinde hay so tawii baraas oo mahaaka.

Ngam les ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɗam, lewru ina naata e nder ndiyam Niil haa ɓura luggiɗde. Sabu ɗum e ɓeydagol woodgol ñamri ummoraade e mborosaaji e nder ndiyam, alkule ina keewi mawnude e nder maayo Niil. Ɗum noon ina ɓeyda njoɓdi safrugol ndiyam njareteeɗam. Ina wayi no annduɓe seeɗa ina cikkatnoo wonde ndiyam e nder maayo Niil ina waawi ustaade sabu baraas toowɗo oo