Foniyo

Fonio, kadi sahaa e sahaa fof ina wiyee findi walla acha, ko helmere wonande huɗo ɗiɗi ndema e nder mbaydi Digitaria ko ndemaaji teeŋtuɗi e nder nokkuuji Afrik hirnaange.[1] Ko ɗum ñaamdu teeŋtundu e nder gure teeru keewɗe, haa teeŋti noon e nder koɗli Fouta Djalon, Gine, kono kadi ina remee e nder Mali, Burkinaa, Kodduwaar, Niiseer, e Senegaal. [1][2][3] Lugge fonio winndere ndee ina qiimee e 721 400 ton e hitaande 2020.[4] Gine hitaande kala ina sooda fonio ɓurɗo heewde e winndere nde, ko ina tolnoo e 75% e peewnugol winndere ndee e hitaande 2019.[5] Innde fonio (ƴettunde e ɗemngal Engele e Farayse) ummorii ko e Wolof foño.[6] E nder Afrik hirnaange, leƴƴi foniyo ɓaleejo (Digitaria iburua) e fonio daneejo (Digitaria exilis) ina ndema ; ko sakkitii koo woni ndema ɓurka teeŋtude e faggudu.

Fonio, kadi sahaa e sahaa fof ina wiyee findi walla acha, ko helmere wonande huɓeere ndema e nder Digitaria ko ndemaaji teeŋtuɗi e nder Afrik hirnaange.[1] Koɗo ñaamdu teeŋtundu gure teeru, haa ɗum noon e nder koli Fouta Djalon, Gine, kono kadi ina remee e nder Mali, Burkinaa, Kodduwaar, Niiseer, e Senegaal. [1][2][3] Lugge fonio winndere ndee ina qiimee e 721 400 ton e ndee 2020.[4] Gine tan kala ina sooda fonio caggal e winndere nde, ko ina heddii e 75% e winndere nde e ndee 2019.[5] Innde fonio (ƴettunde e demngal Engele e Farayse)fun ko e Wolof foño.[6] E nder Afrik hirnaange, leƴƴi foniyo ɓaleejo (Digitaria iburua) e fonio daneejo (Digitaria exilis) ina ndema ; ko sakkitii koo woni ndema wàkaa e woni.

Fannuuji

Fonio daneejo

Fonio daneejo, Digitaria exilis, mo Oropnaaɓe mbiyata kadi "maaro weelo", ko kañum ɓuri heewde e denndaangal leƴƴi Digitaria laddeeji e galleeji, ɗi njiylotoo e nder savannaaji Afrik hirnaange. Fonio ina jogii aawdi ɓurndi famɗude e kala sifaa millet. Ina jogii mbaawka moƴƴinde nguura, ɓeydude kisal nguura, ƴellitde ƴellitaare teeru, e wallitde huutoraade leydi ndii e dow duumotooɗo.

Fonio ina heewi ñamri, alaa gluten, ina heewi fibre,[1][2][3] ina jeyaa e cereeli ɓurɗi yaawde mawnude e winndere ndee, ina yettoo mawnugol e nder yontereeji jeegom haa jeetati tan. Gabbe ɗee ina kuutoree ngam waɗde mburu, kuskus, mburu, e biir.

Fonio ɓaleejo

Fonio ɓaleejo, D. iburua, anndiraango kadi iburu, ko ndema nannduka e ndema ndema e nder leyɗeele keewɗe e nder Afrik hirnaange, haa teeŋti e Nijeer, Togo, e Benin.[1] Hono no fonio daneejo nii, ina heewi ñamri, ina yaawi mawnude, ina jogii nafoore mawnude ko adii nde geɗe goɗɗe ɗee njiylotoo, ina addana ɗum dañde e nder "waktu heege."[2] Kono tan, ina waɗi protein ɓurɗo heewde so yerondiraama e D. exilis.

Fonio ɓaleejo ɓuri waawde remeede ko e renndooji teeru, tee ina famɗi ɗo yeeyetee e njulaagu, hay e nder gure Afrik hirnaange.

Remugol e peewnugol

Kilimaa e sifaaji

Fonio ina remee e nder Afrik hirnaange fof, ko ɗum huunde teskinnde. Gine woni leydi ɓurndi mawnude e peewnugol fonio e peewnugol 483,906 tonnes (533,415 short tons) e wertallo ndema 590,129 hectares (1,458,240 acres) e hitaande 2021, rewi heen ko Nijeer ( 86,609 tonnes (95,470 short tons) . Mali ( 47,664 tonnes (52,541 short tons) ).

Fonio ina mawna e nokkuuji joorɗi tawa ndiyam alaa, tee ina gasa tawa ko ndema ɓuuɓka e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi. Ina aawee e leydi ɓuuɓndi (sanngaa haa kaaƴe), maa mawnu e leydi mbonndi. Fonio ina remee e dow geec to Gammbi, Siyeraa Leyoon e Gine Bisaawo, kono so wonaa ɗuum ɓuri remeede ko e tooweeki hakkunde 400 and 1,500 metres (1,300 and 4,900 ft) . ^[1] Duuɓi mawnugol ɗii ina njahra e balɗe 70–130, fawaade e keewal. ^[1] Ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e nokkuuji ɗo toɓooli mum tolnii e 900–1,000 millimetres (35–39 ton) .

Leɗɗe Fonio ina njogii tolno hakkundeejo.[1] Ndeke, D. exilis ina waawi yettaade 80 santimeeteer (31 in), D. iburua ina waawi yettaade 150 santimeeteer (59 in).[2] Tolno ploidi wonande mbaydiiji ɗii ina ummoo e diploid (2n), tetraploid (4n), haa e heksaploid (6n).[3] Hono no leɗɗe keewɗe goɗɗe nii, fonio ina jogii fiɓnde karbon C4, ko ɗum addanta ɗum muñde yooro.[4]

Remde e aawde

Remde ndee ko worɓe mbaɗata ɗum e juuɗe, e jolngo daabaaji walla e tarakteeruuji. Aawgol ngol ina heewi waɗeede e juuɗe rewɓe, fawaade e fuɗɗoode ndunngu toɓo. Lekki fonio ina yaawi mawnude; won e landraces ina njottoyoo e nder yontereeji 8. ^[1] Kono ko kañum woni ƴaañoowo weendu leelɗo e fuɗɗoode mawnugol mum, ko ɗum waɗi weendu ina jogii nafoore e daawe ƴellitaare gadane.

Cooɗol

Fonio ko golle tiiɗɗe ngam dañde e golloraade. Won e diiwanuuji, leɗɗe fonio mawɗe ina njuutee, kono feere ɓurnde heewde ko taƴde ƴiye e laɓi e ƴiye ko heewi addude gaañanɗe e juuɗe. Rewɓe ɓee noon ina moofta ƴiye ɗee e nder laylayti silindiri walla e laylayti gonɗi e dow mum ngam mooftude ƴiye ɗee, ɗacca ɗe yoora hade mum en ɓuuɓde tawa ɗe ɓuuɓnaaki. Ndeen ɓuuɓgol ngol waɗata ko e ɓuuɓnude leɗɗe ɗee walla e fiyde leɗɗe ɗee e ƴiye tiiɗɗe walla e ƴiye ɓurɗe ɓuuɓde ^[2]

Leɗɗe fonio ina keewi hoɗde e leydi, ɗum noon ina saɗtina mekaniseeji baawɗi wonde e golle ndema.

Deƴƴude

Caggal nde 6uu6ol ngol 6uu6i, gese fonio ina ngondi e 6uu6ol mum haa jooni, 6uu6ol tokosol ngol ina addana 6uu6ol ngol saɗtude e ƴakkude waktu. Laabi gaadanteeji ina mbaɗi : ɓuuɓnude ɗum e nder ɓuuɓri e njaareendi, caggal ɗuum seerndude ɗum e ceene, walla "poppude" ɗum e dow lewru, caggal ɗuum ɓuuɓnude ɗum, ɗum addana ɗum ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam (karallaagal kuutorteengal e nder Akposso ^[3] ). Sosde masiŋ fonio husking koolaaɗo ina rokka laawol mekanik ɓurngol hoybude ngam dehusk.

Darnde jinnaaɓe ina jogii geɗal mawngal e ndema fonio ; golle ina ceerti hakkunde worɓe e rewɓe. Rewɓe ina mbaɗa weendu, ɓuuɓnude e taƴde, laɓɓinde kam e yoorde e ɓuuɓnude, worɓe mbaɗata ko ɓuuɓnude e ɓuuɓnude e fiyde. Darnde rewɓe ɓuri heewde e peewnugol fonio. Feccere e golle ndema ɗee ko rewɓe tan mbaɗata ɗum, tawi ko worɓe mbaɗata ɗum ko 14%. ^[4] Golle ɗe rewɓe ndokkaa ina ɗaɓɓi muñal e laaɓal, ɗe worɓe ndokkaa ina ɗaɓɓi semmbe. ^[4] ^[5]

Batte laabi peewnugol e nafoore ñamri

Ko adii nde ñaametee, ko maa gawri fonio huutoree e laabi mekanik (dehusking, milling) walla termo (precooking, parboiling, roasting). E fawaade e no golle ɗee njahri, nafoore ñamri ndii ina waawi battinde.

Wonande makronutrients, njuuteendi karbohidrat ina heddii ina heewi so tawii gawri ndii ina ɓuuɓna, wonaa ina ɓuuɓna. Poroteyin ina famɗi no feewi caggal nde ƴiiƴam ɗam ɓuuɓnaa sabu ƴiiƴam ɗam ƴettaa ina waɗi poroteyiin keewɗo. Ko ɓuri heewde e poroteyiin ina heɓee so parboiling. Lipid ina ɓeydoo so ina ɓuuɓna, ina ustoo so ina ɓuuɓna walla ina ɓuuɓna.

Wonande mikroo-nutrients, njamndi e sink ina keddii e ɓurde toowde so parboiled tawi millo ina addana ɗum ŋakkeende sabu ittugol ƴiiƴam. Fitaat, ko huunde haɗnde ñamri, haɗata ɓuuɓri miniraaji ko wayi no njamndi e sink, ina ustoo e lootde e defde kono ina toowi haa jooni ngam haɗde ɓuuɓri miniraaji no haanirta nii.

Haa teeŋti noon, fonio parboiled ina hollita mbaydi ñamri ɓurndi moƴƴude so yerondiraama e laabi peewnugol goɗɗi ɗii. Kono fonio parboil addantaa ɗum renndinde ñamri no moƴƴiri no feewi no maaro parboil nii . Yanti heen, feere parboiling ina wayla mbaydi cereeli fonio ɗi won e soodooɓe njiɗaa.

Njulaagu caggal Afrik

File:Yolélé Fonio.jpg

Saak fonio Yolélé Foods, mo soodaa e yeeyirdu mawndu Ameriknaajo

Fonio ina anndaa no feewi caggal duunde Afrik haa ko ɓooyaani koo, nde sosiyeteeji Orop e Amerik puɗɗii naatde e Afrik worgo, ina keewi siftinde nafoore mum ekolosii e ñamri e nder yeeyde mum en.

Dental Orop

E lewru desaambar 2018, Goomu Orop jaɓii yeeyde fonio ngam wonde nguura keso e nder Dental Orop, caggal nde sosiyatee Itaali biyeteeɗo Obà Food rokki ɗum ngam feewnude e yeeyde geɗe nguura kese. Ɗee geɗe ina mbaɗi paasta fonio, peeñninoowo yiɗde waylude fonio ngam ɓeydaade anndeede e palate Orop.

Gila e ngalɗoo jaɓgol adanngol, fonio ina ɓeydoo heewde seeɗa seeɗa, ina ɓeydoo heɓtineede e nder Orop. E hitaande 2021, UE ina naatna 422 ton (465,2 ton) fonio, ko ɓeydaare mawnde e 172 ton (189,6 ton) naatnoo e hitaande 2016.

Leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik

To leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Yolélé Foods, e gardagol gardiiɗo senegaalnaajo-ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Pierre Thiam, fuɗɗii naatde e yeeyde fonio ko e hitaande 2017. Thiam hollitii wonde ina ɗaminii naatnude Ameriknaaɓe e gawri ndii, tawa ina wallita ndema duumotooka e aadaaji to Burkinaa Faso, Ganaa, Mali e Senegaal.

Ƴeew kadi

Digitaria compacta – Species of grass also known as raishan
Digitaria sanguinalis – Species of grass sometimes used as a crop
Teff – Edible annual grass native to Ethiopia and Eritrea

Tuugnorgal

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