General Hospital of Paris
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Ospitaal mawɗo Pari (e Farayse: Hôpital général de Paris) ko nokku laamu ɓooyngu, anniyanooɗo wonde nokku ɗo miskineeɓe njooɗii.[1] Sosaa ko e yamiroore laamɗo e laamu Luwis XIV, nde fawii ko e ƴellitde caɗeele keewɗe jowitiiɗe e ɗaɓɓaande e Cour des miracles, kam e hoɗnude ñawɓe.[2][3] Laamu Opitaal mawɗo oo ina yaaji haa ɓurti nokkuuji mum ngam naatde e miskineeɓe Pari ɓee fof.[4]
Ospitaal oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ngam yuurnitaade golle filosof biyeteeɗo Michel Foucault, hono Madness e Siwil.
Sosde Hono no leyɗeele Orop hirnaange goɗɗe ɗee nii, Farayse ina jokki e ɓeydagol ñamaale puɗɗiiɗe e teeminannde sappo e jeegom.[5] Ndee ɓeydagol ɓeydii kulhuli e jogaade deeƴre renndo, kadi addani ɗum waɗde kuuge ɓurɗe tiiɗde ngam ɗaɓɓude, ko wayi no marking, fiyde, e golle doole.[6] E nder duuɓi ko adii sosde Hospitaal mawɗo oo, bonnugol Fronde ngol addani ñaawooɓe heewɓe naatde Pari.[7] Ɓeydagol yimɓe ñaawooɓe ina tolnoo e 40 000 neɗɗo, tawi heen heewɓe ko mooliiɓe baasal e nder hareeji.[7] Ndeeɗoo limoore ina foti wonde ko ina tolnoo e 10% e yimɓe Pari.[8]
Ngam ustude ngool baasal, e hitaande 1652, Sosiyetee Sakrament Barkinaaɗo, fedde sirlu katolik Farayse gollotoonde, fuɗɗii golle ballondiral, tawi ko e dow ƴellitgol defterdu moƴƴere.[7] Kono caggal nde hareeji ɗii njoofi, sosiyetee oo fellitii daranaade politik coktirgal, ko ɗum feere ɓurnde juutde ngam haɓaade baasal e ñamaale wuro ngoo.[7] Sosiyetee oo ƴettii nafoore e uddude miskineeɓe Pari gila 1633, tawi ina teskini e nafooje nannduɗe e Hospitaal mawɗo gadano to Lyon.[9] Kono ngool laawol ƴettaangol ina joginoo kadi ko adii e nder wuro ngoo e hoore mum. Yeru, tuggi 1612 haa 1618, Hôpital des Pauvres Enfermés – eɓɓoore adannde ngam mahde opitaal mawɗo Pari – udditi ñaawooɓe nokku oo, waɗti ɗum en e njuɓɓudi golle doole.[10] Kono tan, ndee darnde juutaani sabu caɗeele kaalis, luural politik, e ɓeydagol keewal mooliiɓe, e nder caɗeele goɗɗe.[10] Caggal ɗuum, e hitaande 1632, Parlemaa Pari fuɗɗii kadi nanngude ñaawooɓe, ooɗoo sahaa huutorii ɗum en ko no gollotooɓe doole ngam ustude ƴiiƴam wuro ngoo.[11]
Ndeen noon, miijo udditgol ngol ina fuɗɗinoo wonde nde Christophe du Plessis-Montbard, tergal tiiɗngal e nder Sosiyetee Sakrament Barkinaaɗo oo, fuɗɗii gollodaade e Parlemaa e hitaande 1653 ngam ƴellitde peeje ngam mahngo safrirde mawnde hesere to Pari.[7] Kadi ina wallita e ƴellitde ɗeen peeje ko Les Dames de la Charité, fedde rewɓe alɗuɓe, nde Marie Madeleine d’Aiguillon ardii e oon sahaa.[12] Ospitaal mawɗo Pari sosaa ko e duuɓi tati caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1656 e yamiroore laamɗo Louis XIV.[13] Ospitaal oo rokkaama wonaa tan laamu e nder nokkuuji mum, kono kadi ina joginoo mbaawka e dow denndaangal miskineeɓe hoɗɓe e wuro ngoo.[4]
Michel Foucault hollitii sosde Opitaal mawɗo Pari ko huunde tiiɗnde e nder duunde he ngam haɗde miskineeɓe.[14] Ko nanndi e ɗuum, sosiyeteeji ɗii sosaa ko e oon sahaa e nder leydi Siwis hannde ndii, e nder leydi Angalteer, e nder leydi Poloñ, e nder leydi Almaañ, e nder leydi Riisi, e nder leydi Irlande.[15]
Golle Mahdi Ospitaal mawɗo Pari oo sosaa ko e jokkondire hakkunde juɓɓule keewɗe gonɗe e les njiimaandi e njuɓɓudi renndo.[16] Ɗee ɗoo njuɓɓudiiji ina mbaɗi e fuɗɗoode, galle Saint-Luis de Salpêtrière, galle Saint-Jean de Bicetre, Notre Dame de La Pitié, La Savonnerie, e Scipion.[4] Kono tan, ɓooyaani ko Maison du Saint-Esprit e Enfants-Trouvés ɓeydaa heen, Savonnerie yani.[17] E hitaande 1670, yamiroore laamɗo ɓeydi heen kadi opitaal Foundling, ngam hoɗnude sukaaɓe woppitiiɓe.[18] E hitaande 1680, Opitaal mawɗo oo yaaji haa hawri e juɓɓule jeenay ceertuɗe.[3] Heewɓe e juɓɓule gonɗe e nder safrirde ndee, ko adii ɗuum, ko ballal wonande pelle baasal ceertuɗe.[16]
Hay so tawii Ospitaal mawɗo oo wonaano nokku safaara, cafroowo jooɗiiɗo oo ina gollina ngam waɗde njilluuji keewɗi e nder duɗe ceertuɗe gonɗe heen ɗee.[1] E joofnirde, tuggi hitaande 1780, cafroowo biyeteeɗo Jean Colombier fuɗɗii naatde e yaajde no feewi e kaɓirɗe safaara opitaal e nder mbaawka makko, hono ƴeewtotooɗo opitaaluuji e kasooji toɗɗaaɗi e laamɗo. O sosi nokkuuji ɗo gollotooɓe e safaara to Salpêtrière e Bicêtre.[19] Puɗɗagol e yontaaji ɓennuɗi, Opitaal mawɗo oo kadi wallitii e wiɗtooji safaara e nder peeje sirlu ɗo maayɓe ummoriiɓe Salpêtrière mbaawi huutoraade ɗum en e wiɗtooɓe to Jardin laamɗo leɗɗe cafrorteeɗe ngam waɗde maayɓe (Farayse: Jardin royal des plantes médicinales).[20]. ]
Dowirɗe Hay so tawii eɓɓaande Opitaal mawɗo oo ko Parlemaa ƴetti ɗum, e nder golle, opitaal oo ɓuri jokkondirde e laamu laamɗo.[21] Sosiyetee Barkinaaɗo Ospital mawɗo Pari (e Farayse: Hôpital général de Paris) ko nokku laamungu, anniyanooɗo won'de nokku miskineeɓe njooɗii.[1] Sosaa ko e yamiroore laamɗo e laamu Luwis XIV, nde fawii ko e ƴellitde lowre ndee jowitiingal e mbaydi e Cour des miracles, kam e hoɗnude ñawɓe.[2][3] Laamu Opitaal mawɗo oo ina yaaji haati ɗum mum ngam naatde e miskineeɓe Pari fof fof.[4]
Ospitaal oo ina nokku mawɗo ngam yuurnitaade golle filosof biyeteeɗo Michel Foucault, hono Madness e Siwil.
Sosde Hono no moƴƴi Orop hirnaange ɗo nii, Farayse ina jokki e ñamaale ɗoo e teeminannde sappo e jeegom.[5] Ndee jomii kulhuli e miijo deeƴre, kadi addani golle kuuge ngam ƴellitde golle, ko wayi no marking, fiyde, e golle golle.[6] E nder ko adii sosde Hospital mawɗo oo, bonnugol Fronde addani ƴoƴre naatde Pari.[7] Ɓeydagol ƴawooɓe ina tolno e 40 000, tawi heen ko mooliiɓe baasal e nder hareeji.[7] Ndee ina limoore ina foti wonde ko ina tolnoo e 10% e Bari.[8]
Ngam nder ngool baasal, e hitaande 1652, Sosiyetee Sakrament Barkinaaɗo, fedde sirlu katolik Farayse gollotoonde, fu darnde golle ballondiral, tawi ko e dow ngool defterduere.[7] Kono nokku nde hareeji ɗii njoofi, ɓeydagol oo fellitii daranaade politik coktirgal, ko feere moƴƴere juutde ngam haɓaade baasal e ñamaale ngoo wuro.[7] Sosiyetee oo moƴƴii heɓde e uddude miskineeɓe Pari gila 1633, tawi ina teskini e nafooje nannduɗe e Hospitaal mawɗo gadano to Lyon.[9] Kono ngool ƴellitgol ina joginoo kadi ko adii e nder wuro ngoo e hoore mum. Yeru, tuggi 1612 haa 1618, Hôpital des Pauvres Enfermés – eɓɓoore adannde ngam mahde opitaal mawɗo Pari – udditii ɗowooɓe nokku oo, golle tiiɗɗe e golle golle.[10] Kono tan, ndee darnde juutaani sabu leydi, luural politik, e leydi keewal mooliiɓe, e nder leydi.[10] Caggal, e ɓesngu 1632, Parlemaa Pari fuku kadi nanngude awooɓe, oo sahaa sahaaii ko no golle ngam ɓesngu nguu.[11]
Ndeen noon, udditgol ngol ina fuɗnoo woonde nde Christophe du Plessis-Montbard, tergal gollodaade e nder Sosiyetee Sakrament Barkinaaɗo oo, fu tiiɗi gollodaade e Parlemaa e nder 1653 ngam ngam ngam ngam mahngo safrirde mawnde hesere to Pari.[7] Kadi e nder wallita e yeewtere ko Les Dames de la Charité, fedde mawnde, nde Marie Madeleine d’Aiguillon ardii e oon sahaa.[12] 1656 e yamiroore laamɗo Louis XIV.[13] Ospitalal oo rokkaama tan laamu e nder nder mum, kono kadi ina njiyloo e dow miskineeɓe hoɗɓe e ngoo.[4]
Michel Foucault waɗi sosde Opitaal mawɗo Pari koɗki e nder duunde o ngam haɗde miskineeɓe.[14] Ko nanndi e, ko nanndi leydi ndii, ko nanndi leydi Irlande.[15]
Golle Mahdi Ospitaal mawɗo Pari oo sosaa ko e ko ɓuri juɓule gonɗe e les jiimaandi e golle.[16] nokku ɗoo ina woni e fuɗɗoode, galle Saint-Luis de Salpêtrière, galle Saint-Jean de Bicetre, Notre Dame de La Pitié, La Savonnerie, e Scipion.[4] Kono tan, nguurndam galle Saint-Esprit e Enfants-Trouvés ina jeyaa heen, Savonnerie yani.[17] E nder hitaande 1670, yamiroore laamɗoi kadi opitaal Foundling, ngam hoɗnude ɓe heen woppitiiɓe.[18] E nder 1680, Opitaal mawɗo oo yaaji haa hawri e juɓɓule jeenayɗe.[3] Heewɓe e juɓɓule gonɗe e nder safrirde ndee, ko adii, ko ballal nii pelle baasalɗe.[16]
Hay so nokku mawɗo opitaal ooɗo no nokku safaara, cafroowo jooɗiiɗo oo ina gollina ngam njilluuji e nder duɗe gonɗe heen.[1] E joofnirde, tuggi hitaande 1780, cafroowo biyeteeɗo Jean Colombier fuɗɗii naatde e yaajde no feewi e nder safaara opitaal e nder makko, teddungal opitaaluuji e kasooji toɗɗaaɗi e laamɗo. O sosi koolaaɗo kuuɓal e safaara ngam dañde cellal e nguurndam.[19] Puɗɗagol e yontaaji njiynuɗi, Opitaal mawɗo oo kadi wallitii e wiɗto ganndal e nder sirlu ɗo maayɓe wiɗtooji Salpetrière woni ko ɓuri heewde e wiɗtooji to Jardin ladde ko cafrorteeɗe ngam ƴellitde maayɓe (Farayse: Jardin royal des plantes médicinales).[20]. ]
Dowirɗe Hay so tawii ko eɓɓaande Opitaal mawɗo oo ko Parlemaa jooni, e nder golle, opitaal oo woni e laamu laamɗo.[21] Sosiyetee Barkinaaɗo Sa