Igbo language

Igbo (Engele: /ˈiːboʊ/ EE-boh,[5] US kadi /ˈɪɡboʊ/ IG-boh;[6][7] Igbo : Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò [ásʊ̀sʊ̀ ìɡguster , leñol wonngol to bannge Fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Naajeeriya.

Ɗemɗe Igbo ina kaala fotde 31 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Limre ɗemɗe Igboid fawii ko e no neɗɗo renndinirta ɗemngal e ɗemngal, ɗum noon ina waawi wonde ko ina tolnoo e 35 ɗemngal Igbo ceertungal. Ko ɓuri heewde e ko Igbo cluster walla Igbo proper ina sikkaa ko ɗemngal gootal kono ko famɗi fof ko faamde hakkunde pelle ceertuɗe ɗee (fuɗnaange, hirnaange, fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange). Ɗemngal binndol gonngal e 'Igbo izugbe' (maanaa "igbo kuuɓtodinɗo") ƴellitaama no feewi, caggal ɗuum ƴettaa ko hedde hitaande dubi alif 1972, tawi sosngo mum mawngo tuugnii ko e Orlu (ɗemɗe Isu), Anambra (ɗemɗe Awka) e Umuahia (ɗemɗe Ohuhu), woppude nasal e aspiraasiyoŋ ɗeen sifaaji. Tariha

dartinaama nder kuugal ekklessiya bee Bibel Igbo Union (1913).[11]

Igbo cakaare, ɗum tuugnii ko e ɗemɗe terɗe ɗiɗi e nder fedde Ezinifite Igbo e nder diiwaan Owerri cakaare hakkunde gure Owerri e Umuahia to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya.[citation needed] Gila eɓɓoore mum no mbaydi binndol e hitaande 1939 nde Ida C. Ward waɗi , ɗum jaɓaama seeɗa-seeɗa e misiyoŋaaji, winndooɓe, e bayyinooɓe e nder diiwaan hee kala.[citation needed]

Standard Igbo ina yiɗi renndinde Igbo hakkundeejo e kelme ummoriiɗe e ɗemɗe Igbo goɗɗe, e jaɓde kelme ñamlaaɗe.[8]

Chinua Achebe ɗon ƴama kuuɗe ɗemngal, fuɗɗan bee Igbo haa Cakaare nden haa ragare Standard Igbo, nder yewtere nde o waɗi nder hitaande 1999 nde Archidiocese Katolik Roman haa Owerri walli.[12].Sendol Igbo (e ɗemɗe mum) woni ɗemngal ɓurngal mawnude e nder diiwanuuji Naajeeriya ɗii:[3]

=== Dowla Abia Dowla Anambra Diiwaan Ebonyi Leydi Enugu Dowla Imo Dowla Delta Fuɗnaange Dowlaaji Maayooji Ngewte Kalaasuuji konnguɗi Kategoriiji lexical nder ɗemngal Igbo hawti bee inɗe, inɗe, limngal, kuuɗe, sifaaji, jokkondire, e limngal gootal.[14] Maanaa na, woni firo wooto, ina ɓuuɓi, ina foti anndeede e nder konngol. Yeruuji ummoraade e Emenanjo (2015) ina kollita keewal maanaa: (1) O

3sg

bi

wondugo

n'Enugwū.

ko adii-Enugwū

'O jooɗi haa Enugwū.'

(2) O

3sg

bi

wondugo

ebe

ha do

gooto

ndu

n'ogè

wakkati taskaram

agha.

konno

'O hoɗi ɗoo ko e sahaa wolde.'

(3) Ndị

yimbe

Faada

Katolik

ko ɓuri heewde

tammugo

n'atọ̀

prep-tati

n'waktu

prep-nder

otù.

gootel

'Katolik en ina ngoongɗini Trinité.'[15]

Igbo ina jogii sifaaji keewɗi no feewi e nder suudu udditirdu. Emenanjo (1978, 2015)[16][15] ina limta tan ko jeetati, ɗe mbaɗata ko e mbaydiiji ɗiɗi : ukwu ‘mawɗo’, nta ‘toɓɓere’; oji 'niɓɓere', ọcha 'annoore'; ọhụrụ ‘keso’, ochie ‘ ɓooyɗo’; ọma 'moƴƴo'; Ɓooyɗo 'bonɗo' (Payne 1990).[17] Maanaa adjectivaal ina feeñnina ko wonaa ɗuum ko e kuutoragol gollal dartiingal walla inɗe abstrakte.

Haalaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e cate ɗemngal Igbo, ina njaɓɓa ko ɓuri heewde e morfolooji ɗemngal ngal, ina nanndi e cate ɓurɗe teskin’de ; geɗe keewɗe ina mbaawi heɓde kelme kese e nder kelme, kono seeɗa ina mbaawi heɓde kelme e nder kelme denndaaɗe goɗɗe.[15]

Inɗe Igbo ɗe limtataa jinnaaɓe, kadi inɗe ɗee tan kuutortee ko e gorko, debbo e tagooje ɗe ngalaa nguurndam. So konngol, ọ maka ina waawi firtude "o, kanko walla ko ɗum belɗo".Fonoloji Wowel

Foneeji daande ɗemngal Igbo, tuugiiɗi e Ikekeonwu (1999) Igbo ko ɗemngal tonngal. Toon ina seerti e ɗemɗe kono e nder ko ɓuri heewde e ɗemɗe ina wayi no ko tonngooɗe binnditagol tati e tonngooɗe kontur tati. John Goldsmith hokki laawol tonngoode ɗemngal ngal ngam yeru kuuɗe ɗemngal ngal ɗon yahra yeeso dow limngal fonoloji limngal limngal limngal limngal ɗemngal Engele.[18] Konnguɗi Igbo ina mbaawi seertude tan e tonngoode. Yeru mum ko ákwá "woyde", àkwà "leeso", àkwá "eggudu", e ákwà "ɓoornugol". No tonngoode winndaaka no woorunoo nii, ɗeeɗoo fof ina peeña no ⟨akwa⟩ e nder binndol.

Heewɓe ina mbiya, toɓɓe ɗiɗi (walla sahaa e sahaa fof tati) kuutorteeɗe e saggitorde Igbo ɗee, ina ŋakkiraa hollirde no kelme ɗee njiyrata tigi rigi e ɗemngal kaaleteengal ngal . Ɗum hollitii wonde Igbo ina waawi jogaade tonngooɗe keewɗe ɓurɗe anndeede ko adii. Yeru, mbaadi yamiroore helmere bia "ar" ina jogii tonngoode seertunde e nde huutortee e konngol O bia "o ari". Ndeen tonngoode yamiroore kadi ina huutoree e alkulal ɗiɗaɓal abuo "ɗiɗi". Tonngoode woɗnde ceertunde feeñata ko e alkulal ɗiɗaɓal asaa "jeeɗiɗi" e goɗɗo e alkulal ɗiɗaɓal aguu "heege".

Valentine ina haala ɗemngal Igbo. Ɗemngal ngal ina waɗi harmonie alkule e setuuji ɗiɗi alkule gonɗe e hunuko ceertuɗe e mawneeki ɓuuɓri faring sifotoondi to bannge ɗaɗol ɗemngal retracted (RTR). Ɗeeɗoo alkule kadi ina njogii nokkuuji ceertuɗi e nder weeyo alkule : [i ɪ̙ e a u ʊ̙ o ɒ̙] (cakkitiiɗo ɓurɗo heewde winndeede [ɔ̙], e nder nanondiral e ɗemɗe koɗdiiɗe). Ngam hoybinde, binndanɗe fonetik ina keewi suɓaade tan ko gooto e ɗeen paaraaji ngam seerndude, woni RTR no woniri e kartal to bannge ñaamo e binndol Igbo (ɗum woni no /i i̙ e a u u̙ o o̙/), walla nokku alkule no alkule ɗee nii kartal les ngal (ɗum woni no /i ɪ e a u ʊ o ɔ/). Ina woodi kadi alkule nofru.

Alkule ɓadiiɗe ina keewi waɗde assimilation e nder haala. Hoodere alkulal gadanal, ko heewi ko e joofnirde konngol gootol, ina hawra e mbaydi jaawndi e daande alkulal gadanal ngal, haa teeŋti noon e fuɗɗoode konngol goɗɗol, ina addana alkulal ɗiɗaɓal ngal ɓurde teeŋtude e haala. Heewi wonde ko alkulal gadanal ngal (e nder konngol gadanol ngol) ina anndiree tan seeɗa e heɗotooɓe, ina heewi waɗde senngo. /kà ó mésjá/, yeru, wontii /kòó mésjá/ "jaaraama". Ko selli e ndeeɗoo assimilaasiyoŋ ina waawi wonde e kelme joofɗe e /a/ ko wayi no /nà/ e nder /nà àlà/, "e dow leydi", ɗe mbaawi assimilaade haa timma accude /n/ e haala jaawka, hono no "nàlà" walla "n'àlla". Kono e nder ɗemɗe goɗɗe, naatgol /a/ ko wayi no "nà" e nder /ọ́ nà èrí ńrí/, "o/o/ɗum ina ñaama", ina addana ɗum alkulal juutngal, /ọ́ nèrí ńrí/.[19]Toon Ɗemngal Igbo ko tonal e nder tagoore. Ɗum firti ko maanaa konngol ina waawi wayleede fawaade e tonngoode huutorteende nde haalata. Igbo ina jogii tonngooɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe: toowɗe e lesɗe. Toon toowɗo oo ina heewi waɗeede e aksan ɓuuɓɗo ( ́) e tonngoode lesre ndee ina maantiniree aksan grave (`).

Yeru, helmere ⟨akwa⟩ ndee ina waawi firtude "woyde, eggudu, comci, sewnde" fawaade e tonngoode huutorteende. So tawii ko tonngoode toownde e alkulal gadanal e cakkitiingal firti ko "woyde". Kono so anndaama e tonngoode lesre e alkulal gadanal ngal, toowngal e alkulal gadanal ngal, firtata ko "eggudu".So anndaama e tonngoode lesre e alkule ɗiɗi ɗee, ndeen firtata ko "ɓoorna" walla "sewnde".

Yeru goɗɗo ko helmere "eze" firti ko "laamɗo" walla "dente". So ɗe mbiyaama e tonngoode toownde firtata ko "laamɗo". Kono so ɗe mbiyaama e daande lesre firtata ko "dente".

Huutoraade tonal inflection e ɗemngal Igbo ina waɗi nafoore mawnde sabu ina wallita e seerndude kelme ɗe so wonaano ɗuum ina nanndi. Ina waawi wonde caɗeele wonande haalooɓe Engele ngam janngude no kuutortoo toɓɓe ɗee no haanirta nii, kono so tawii ko e kuutoragol, ina waawi majjinde.

Konnguɗi Igbo alaa ko seerndi oklusiifuuji daande (hakkunde jokkere daande e nofru): jokkere ina ardi e alkule ɗemngal, nofru ina ardi e alkule nofru. Ko alkule goɗɗe seeɗa tan keɓata hade alkule nofru, ina heen /f, z, s/.

Konngol Igbo (e alkule nofru) Dental labial/ Posto alveolaar- alveolaar Palatal Velaar Labial– velar Glotal laboratuwaar laaɓɗo. Plosiif/ Afrikaaji ɗi ngalaa daande p t tʃ k kw k͡p daande b~m dʒ ɡ~ŋ ɡw~ŋw ɡ͡b Sonaare l~n j~ɲ w Daande frikatif f s ʃ daande z ɣ ɦ~ɦ̃ Rotik ɹ E nder won e ɗemɗe, ko wayi no Enu-Onitsha Igbo, /ɡ͡b/ e /k͡p/ gonɗi e mbaydiiji ɗiɗi ɗii, ina nganndiree no mbaydi gonndi e daande/devoise labial–velar. /ɹ/ ɓadiiɗo oo ina faamniree no tappirde alveolar [ɾ] hakkunde alkule no árá nii. Ɗemngal Igbo Enu-Onitsha ina nanndi no feewi e Enuani kaaleteeɗo e nder leñol Igbo-Anioma e nder diiwaan Delta.

Ngam hollirde batte ƴeewndo fonoloji, limto ngo ɗoo e ɗemngal hakkundeewal tippudi, ƴettaa ko e Clark (1990). Nasality ƴeewtaama ko sifaa alkule, wonaa alkule, rewrude e caɗeele hol ko waɗi alkule seeɗa ina keɓa hade alkule nofru ; [CjV] kadi ƴeewtaama ko /CjV/.[20]Konngol Igbo hakkundeejo (alaa alkule nofru) Alveolo Alveolar Labial- palatal Labial Velaar– velar Glotal pal laaɓɗo. laboratuwaar laaɓɗo. Plosiif/ Afrikaaji ɗi ngalaa daande p p t tɕ k kw ɠ̊͡ɓ̥ ɗi ngalaa daande aspirated ʰ ʰ ʰ tɕʰ kʷ daande nde ɓuuɓnaaka b b d d ɡ ɡw ɠ͡ɓ aspirated bʱ bʱ dʱ dʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ Frikatif daande laaɓnde f s nofru f̃ s̃ daande laaɓnde v z ɣ ɣw nofru ṽ z̃ Rhotik laaɓɗo r nofru r̃ Ko ɓadii daande j̊ w̥ h daande alaa j̊̃ w̥̃ h̃ daande l j w Sifaaaji ɗii ko e mbaadi (C)V (konngol cuɓaaɗo, alkulal) walla N (nofru sillabi). CV woni sifaa alkule ɓurɗo heewde. Kala alkulal ina jogii tonngoode. Koolondiral konnguɗi waɗataa. Semi-alkule /j/ e /w/ ina mbaawi feeñde hakkunde alkule e alkule e nder won e alkule. Semi-vowel e nder /CjV/ ina hiisee wonde vowel les "ị", haa -bịa woni sifaa fonetik bjá 'ar'. To bannge goɗɗo oo, "w" e nder /CwV/ ina hiisee wonde ko innde labialisation ; ko noon mbaadi fonetik gollal -gwá "haalde" ko /-ɡwá/.

Tipolooji morfolooji Igbo ko ɗemngal ceertungal, ngal hollirta ko seeɗa no feewi. Ɗemngal ngal ɓuri heewde ko suffixuuji e nder mbaadi njuɓɓudi, ko wayi no yuɓɓo suffixeeji ɗii ina laamoo e maanaa wonaa e nder denndaangal fannuuji darnde. Ɗemngal ngal ina jogii morfolooji infleksional seeɗa kono morfolooji derivaasiyoŋ e ekstensiyoŋ ina keewi. Ko ɓuri heewde e derivation ina waɗa e ɗaɗi konnguɗi.[15]

Suffixes extensionnels, helmere huutorteende e nder binndol Igbo, ina firta morfolooji jogiiɗi won e sifaaji iwdi kono wonaa fof. Konnguɗi ɗi ɗiin suffixes tafi ɗii, sahaa kala ina njeyaa e cate lexical goote e ruttorde nde ɗi tafi, batte suffixes ɗee ko ɓuri heewde ko semantik. E dow ɗeen hujjaaji, Emenanjo (2015) hollitii wonde jokkondire biyeteeɗe ekstensiyoŋ ɗee ko geɗe kuutorteeɗe e konnguɗi ; ɗe mbaawaa feeñde e ko’e mum’en, hay so tawii noon heewɓe ina njokkondiri e morfemeeji goɗɗi ɗi ngalaa ɗo ɗe mbaawi ummoraade e fuɗɗoode.[15]

Gaa gaa affixation, Igbo ina hollita reduplication feccere e timmuɗo ngam waɗde gerunds ummoraade e verbs. Sifaa feccere oo ina koppira e alkulal gadanal ngal, ina waɗa alkulal toowngal yeeso, sifaa timmuɗo oo ina koppira alkulal gadanal ngal e alkulal ngal. Ndeen sifaaji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ina njokkondiri e o-. Yeru, -go ‘buy’ ina rewna feccere ngam waɗde ògigo ‘soodde’, -bu ‘carry’ ina rewna haa timma ngam waɗde òbubu ‘nawde’. Won e sifaaji inɗe e gollal goɗɗi kadi ina kollita reduplication, kono nde tawnoo sifaaji reduplicate ɗii ko ɗi teskinɗi, reduplication e nder ngonkaaji mum en ngonaa sinkron, kadi ɗi ɓuri siforaade ko geɗe lexical ceertuɗe.[15]

Jokkondire nate Igbo maandetaako ceertugol haalaaji peeñɗi e dow konnguɗi inɗe, kadi ina hollita jokkondire grammaire tan ko e doggol konnguɗi. Konngol Igbo tippudi hollirta ko njuɓɓudi subject-verb-object (SVO), ɗo subject faamtee ko hujja gooto e gollal ngal alaa ko woni e mum walla hujja nannduɗo e agent (yaajɗo) gollal gonngal e nder ngal. Igbo noon ina hollita alignment tuumaaɗo.

Ina sikkaa, e nder teskuyaaji, wonde won e kelme Igbo ina kollita ergativity e won e tolnooji, hono no yeruuji ɗiɗi ɗii nii:[15]

(4) Nnukku

manga

mmīri

ndiyam

nà-ezo

aux-fadde

n'iro.

prep-yaasi

'Toɓo mawngo ina fadi haa yaasi.'

(5) Ọ

ndu

nà-ezo

aux-fadde

nnukuwu

manga

mmīri

ndiyam

n'iro.

prep-yaasi

'Toɓo mawngo ina fadi haa yaasi.'

E nder (4), gollal ngal ina jogii hujja gooto, nnukwu mmīri, feeñoowo e ngonka gonka, e nder konngol gonngol (5), oon hujja gooto feeñata ko e ngonka huunde, hay so tawii noon ɗiɗo ɓee ina nanndi e maanaa. E dow ɗuum, winndooɓe hono Emenanjuo (2015) mbiyata ko ndeeɗoo hujja ko huunde timmunde, ko ɗum waɗi Igbo ina jogii won e tolnooji ergativity.

Kono woɗɓe njaɓaani, ina mbiya wonde cate jowitiiɗe heen ɗee ngonaa alignment kono ko mbaydi hujjaaji lesɗi ; les ndee ɗoo yi’annde, (4) e (5) ina ceerti tan e kuutoragol waylo-waylo, ina mbaawi hiisaade no feewi e yi’annde nde aldaa e tuumeede e Principe de Projection Extended;[21] hujja nominaal oo ina jibina e nder ngonka huunde, e maa ɗum ina ummoo e darnde tiitoonde, hono no (4) nii, walla darnde tiitoonde ndee ina heewi innde pleonastik, hono no (5).

Konnguɗi jokkondirɗi Konnguɗi gonɗi e Igbo ina njogii hoore yaajnde, ina njokki e innde hoore. Ɓe kuutortaako maandeeji gonɗi e mbaydiiji walla inɗe gonɗe e mbaydiiji, e oon sahaa, ɓe ngoppa heen ŋoral e nder darnde innde jokkondire. Maandeeji e geɗe ina mbaawi jokkondireede. Yeruuji ɗii ko (konnguɗi jokkondirɗi e nder jokkorgal):[15]e nder jokkol):[15]

(6) Ọ

3sg

zụ̀-tà-rà

sood-SUFF-prf

àkwa

geeraɗe

[mā-ra

[woto.moƴƴo-prf

mmā].

moƴƴere].

-O soodi egguuji moƴƴi. Koolondiral (ballal) glossing ngal anndaaka;

(7) Àkwa

geeraɗe

[ọ

[3sg

zụ̀-tà-rà].

sood-SUFF-nafoore]

mà-rà

moƴƴo-prf

mm.

moƴƴere

-Egguuji ɗi o soodi ɗii ina moƴƴi. Koolondiral (ballal) glossing ngal anndaaka;

Daande e valence Igbo alaa gollal ustaare valence ɓurngal heewde e passivization, ko huunde nde addani annduɓe heewɓe wiyde wonde "daande wonaa cate jowitiiɗe e Igbo."[15] Ɗemngal ngal ina jogii, kono, won e golle ɓeydooje valence potɗe wonde faamniraa ko daande les firo ɓurngo yaajde

(8) Ógù

Ogu

a-wo-ọ-la

ƁURDE-wonde.udditaade-SUFF-ɓurnde

'Ogu wonti semmbe.' Koolondiral (ballal) glossing ngal anndaaka;

(9) Íbè

Ibe

e-me-wo-ọ-la

PREF-waɗde-wonde.udditaade-SUFF-prf

Ogù.

Ogu

'Ibe hersinii Ogu.' Koolondiral (ballal) glossing ngal anndaaka;

(10) Àfe

limse

isé

joowey

ko-ro

fawde-prf

n'ezi.

prep-kompoññe

'Geɗe joyi koltu ina ndarii e nder galle hee.'

(11) Ókwu

Okwu

kò-min-re

jolngo-innde-prf

afe

limse

isé

joowey

n'ezi.

prep-kompoññe

'Okwu 6oornii comci jowi e nder galle hee.'

Igbo ina jogii kadi konngol kuutorteengol, ngol ƴettata ko suffix -rV, ɗo V koppi alkulal gadanal ngal, hujja kuutorteeɗo oo rewi ko e gollal ngal to bannge. Suffix applicatif ina nanndi e mbaadi e suffix tense past, mo fotaani jiiɓrude.[14] Yeru:[21]

(12) Íbè

Ibe

nye-re-re

hokku-prf-apli

m

1sg

Ógù

Ogu

ákwụkwọ.

deftere

'Ibe hokki Ogu deftere nde ngam am.'