Yiy sewnde Laamlaamateeri Mali

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'''Laamlaamateeri Maali''' a na jeyaa e dawlaaji [[Afirik]] hiirnaangeeri mawɗi, feeñunooɗi e jamaanu ngu annduɓe taariika innirta jamaanu hakkundeewu maa yontaaji hakkundeeji. 

Duttorɗe kaalooje ko faati e laamlaamu [[Maali]] keewaani, hay goodɗe ɗee laaɓtaani, tee luggiɗaani. Ko ɗum addani yimɓe luurdude heen haa hannde. Kollitgol duttorɗe tuugaaɗe ngam jangtaade daartol laamlaamu <nowiki>[[Maali]]</nowiki>. <ref>{{cite web|title = The Empire of Mali, In Our Time – BBC Radio 4|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06kgggv|website = BBC|access-date = 2015-10-29}}</ref>Ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen ko duttorɗe binndaaɗe (El Bakri, Ibn Batuta, Taariik es Sudaan, Taariik al Fatash…), yantude e aadaaji jangtaaɗi (awluɓe…).

==Duttorɗe binndaaɗe== 
Ko ɗe fannuuji ɗiɗi : duttorɗe binndaaɗe booweeje (kañje tan ngoodnoo haa e teem 16ɓiire) e duttorɗe binndaaɗe nderiije (tuggi teem 16ɓiire) ummiiɗe e yiyooɓe binndi wonɓe worgo maayo [[Niiser]]. Ine jeyaa e binndaaɗe gadane ɗee, binndaaɗe ɗanniyankooɓe aarabeeɓe e berbeer en, haa teeŋti noon e El Bakri (teem 12ɓiire), Al Umari, Ibn Batuta e Ibn Khaldum (teem 16ɓiire). Ine jeyaa e binndaaɗe nderiije ɗee, binndaaɗe Taariik es [[Sudaan]] e Taarik al Fatash, jubbi daartol/daartol Ɓaleeɓe e jubbi daarti biɗtoowo, peeñɗi caggal nde Maruknaaɓe keɓti laamlaamu Sonngaay, jubbi kaalooji seeɗa ko faati e Mali.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Basil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SEiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|title=West Africa before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850|date=2014-10-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-88265-7|language=en}}</ref>  Jangtaali ɗanniyankooɓe purtugeecnaaɓe e españoolnaaɓe ina ndokka kabaruuji paatuɗi e laamaandi Mali cakkitiindi, tee leefɗitndi no feewi.

==Aadaaji jangtaaɗi==
Nde tawnoo ngawlaagu ina heewnoo faayiida, tee ina lutti haa hannde heewde faayiida e galle laamɗo Mali, aadaaji jangtaaɗi kam enne ine njogii faayiida mawɗo nder wiɗtooji jowitiiɗi e Mali ɓooyɗo. Alaa golle ummonaa ngam renndinde ɗi kañji kala e saaktidde ɗi mbele eɗi mbaawa yerondireede. Ko baaba tottata ɓiɗɗo e sifaa piɓiiɗo, kono eɗi ceerti fawaade e gure e diiwanuuji. Ine teskee ɗi mbayliima so ɗi ƴeewdaama e ko ƴettanoo law gila e fuɗɗoode koloñaal. Ko ɗum tagi ɗi poti yiyreede tan ko no faawru kabaruuji daartol ɗi ceɗtaaki tawo, doondiiɗi nafooje renndo, ɓurɗi waawde feeñninde neesu renndooji ɗo ɗi ummii ɗoo. Aada ɓurɗo anndeede ko aada jangtotooɗo ummannde laamu Suñnjata Keytaa, mo heewɓe caakti e mum binndanɗe, haa arti noon e “Soundita ou l’épopée Manding” (Suñnjata walla Daarol Manndeŋ) nde Jibriil Tamsiir Ñaan. Eɗen mbaawi kadi humpitaade wiɗto Yuusuf Tata Siisee woɗnde e gawlo Wa Kamisoko e Siriman Kuyaate wonande binndi doosgal Manndeŋ, binndangal e ndonu winndereewu Unesco, ngu ɓooygol mum yedditaa.

==Wiɗtooji biilleeji keewaani==
Ɓurngo heen faayodinde, hono wiɗooji Filipowiak to Ñaani e kitaale 1965, 1968 e 1973 rokkaani njeñtudi ndallinaandi wonande yonta hakkundeejo (teem XIII – XVI).

==Iwdeyaagal==
Iwdeyaagal helmere « Mali » laaɓtaani. Yimɓe laamaandi ndii nganndiri ndi tan ko Manden wonaa Mali. « Man » firti e Bammbara e Malinka ko « liwoogu », e « den » firti ko « cukalel », woni “menden”= ɓiy liwoogu. Ƴoogirɗe aarabeeje ina kaala haala laamlaamu Malel, Malal, Melli, Mali, kono ɗe ndokkaani firo helmere ndee. Fulɓe (leñol eggiyeewol teweteengol e Mali gila e fuɗɗoode laamlaamu nguu) mbiyata yimɓe Maden ko « Malinke », woni « huunde malaande ndee ». Nii woni Madenka en e koye mum en mbiyata leydi mum en ko « Manden », fulɓe mbiyata ndi ko « Mali » (« waɗde maslahaa », « wondude e Malu »), yimɓe ɓee, ɓe mbiyata yimɓe ɓee ko « Malinke ». E Bammbara, Mali ina firta kadi « ngabu » ; hawri kisa ngel kullel ina horsini worgo leydi ndii, ɗo Malinkee en e Bammbara en koɗi ɗoo. Won kadi Fulɓe, teeŋtii non Fulɓe funnaange, wiyooɓe leydi ndii Malle kono e anndaa innde ndee ko holɗum ɓuri heertorde sabu ina waawa kadi tawa ko laamlaamateeri Wagadu ([[Gana]] maa Gaana) ɓe faandii heen. Nde tawnoo e maando maɓɓe ko e ɗeen leyɗeele ɓe iwi ɓe pa'i funnaange, bammbaaɓe maɓɓe ana keewi wiyde: [[Pullo]] fuu Malle ƴuuwi (iwi). 

==Hol to laamorgo Mali wonnoo ?==

===Ƴoogirɗe keewɗe, ceertuɗe ina kaala haala laamorgo ngoo. Tee ɗe kawraani e haala. (…)===

Eɗen njogii firooji e gowlaali keewɗi wonande innde laamorgo ngoo (Malli, Biti, Bini, Bani, Yani, limtidaaka). Ɗum noon mbele ɗee inɗe kala toɗɗii ko nokku gooto walla njoopii ko laamorgo wooto? E tuugnaade e ƴoogirɗe jangtaaɗe e biilleeje nokkuuji keewɗi ina njalti e binndol daartol ngol. Ñaani Madugu, Mani-Kura walla Mali-Tommbo e Ñaani, gurel tokosel sara maayo Sankarani ngel nokku mum wiɗaa e oorle tati 1965, 1968 e 1973. Eɗen njaajnoo e oo nokku e les ɗoo. So en tuugniima e aadaaji jangtaaɗi, rewrude e hinnde Jeli en woodnoonde e laamu Mali, duuminoonde e won ɗeen gure Mali hannde, ɓuri waawde haalde ko haala nokku ina wiyee Keyla. Jeegarafeejo engeleejo gooto ina wiyee Cooley ine sikki laamorgo ngoo wonnoo ko saraaji wuro Samee, sara maayo Joliba. Ofisiyee farayseejo ine wiyee Binger taccunooɗo Sahel, maandinii, e hitaande 1892, nokku Ñandimaadugu oo, sara Yamina. Ɗee cikke ine kawriti e fonngo nano maayo Niiseer. Ɗe ɓamtaaka e binndi daartol ɗii. Ko Maurice Delafosse idii rokkude haala kaa himme. E hitaande 1912, e deftere makko Haut-Sénégal-Niger, ko Binger o idii rokkude goonga, hade makko faytude e cikkal kesal laatingal miijo wonande gagga oo.

==Ñaani laamorgo Mali (1923-1958)==
E nder binndanɗe keewɗe, laamɓe koloñaal en, tuggi Delafosse e Vidal haa Gaillard, peeñninii jokkondiral hakkunde innde Ñaani wonnde sara nokku Sankarani oo, e innde wonnde e ƴoogirɗe binndaaɗe ɗee. Ko ngoon miijo saabii wiɗooji biilleeji baɗaaɗi e Ñaani ɗii.

==Oorle biilleeje to Ñaani (1965-1973)==

Poloñnaajo ina wiyee Filipowiak waɗii oorle wiɗooji e nokku hee e ballondiral e Jibriil Tamsiir Ñaan, karallo daartol Mali, e jokkondiral e Raymond Mauny, karallo faraysenaajo wonande Sudaan hakkundeejo, profeseer to Sorbonne. Nde o joofni wiɗooji ɗii, o yaltini, e hitaande 1979, deftere Études archéologiques sur la capitale médiévale du Mali, ɗo o hollitta tonngi golle makko. Omo wiya heen o yiytii laamorgo laamu Mali. Ɗoon e ɗoon ɗiin tonngi Filipowiak njedditaa nde tawnoo ɗi nganndaama gila deftere makko ndee yaltaani. Wiyeteeɓe Meillassoux e Hunwick, nde ƴettiti bolol Ibn Batuta, cakkitii nokkuuji goɗɗi. Hade ɗuum tawi Mauny joofiima luure gonɗe hakkunde binndi Filipowiak ɗii e njaltudi ƴeewndooji kuutoriiɗi karbon 14.

Fawaade e caɗeele jiytugol laamorgo duuɓi soñteende (âge d’or), daartooɓe ɓee paati e laamorgo adanngo ngoo (Conrad, Greenn), mbaɗti huutoraade kelme ɓurɗe wonde jaambureeje, ko wayi no galle Mansaa en, walla galle laamorɗo Mansaa en, ngam lomtinirde ɗum helmere laamorgo ndee, ɓayri cikke cakkitiiɗe ngabbitii ko e jaɓde wonde galle laamorɗo oo ko jirlotonooɗo hakkunde gure keewɗe (miijo senngo daartiyeewo engelenaaɓe (anglo-saxon)). Ɗum noon haa hannde ko yowre woni ɗoon ɓayri nokkuuji biɗtaaɗi ɗii ndokkaani njeñtudi njaɓniindi. Nde tawnoo kattanɗe heristiije (héristique : ñeeñal jiytugol) tuugiiɗe e ƴoogirɗe laataaki, yimɓe mbayi no ruŋtiiɓe gagga oo nii. Ina gasa tawa ine sokli wiɗtooji ɗii mbaɗoyee e nokkuuji goɗɗi.


==Dakoor==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/ African Kingdoms Mali]
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mali/hd_mali.htm Metropolitan Museum – Empires of the Western Sudan: Mali Empire]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter3.shtml The Story of Africa: Mali] – BBC World Service
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110513172555/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354] – excerpts from H. A. R. Gibb's translation

==Nassiji==
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[[Category:Laamu dow Afrik]]
[[Category:Laamorde Saahel]]

[[Category:Ndewgu Laamu Mali]]

{{Commons}}