Laleh Mehree Bakhtiar

Laleh Mehree Bakhtiar (jibinaa ko Mary Nell Bakhtiar; 29 sulyee 1938 – 18 oktoobar 2020) ko ganndo lislaam e suufiyanke Iraan-ameriknaajo, binndoowo, firoore, e ganndo hakkille.[1][2] O waɗi firo Qur’aana mo walaa jinnaaɓe, The Sublime Quran, o luulndii status quo dow wolde aarabeeɓe daraba, nde aadaaji firtata ko "beat" — wolde nde o wi'i huutiniree ngam daliila ngam ƴamɗe rewɓe juulɓe.[ 3] Firo makko ko firo Quraana gadano mo debbo Ameriknaajo firi.[4][5][6][7]

Nguurndam adanɗam

Bakhtiar jibinaa ko Mary Nell Bakhtiar, yumma mum ko Ameriknaajo, baaba mum ko Iraan, to Teheran, Bakhtiar mawni ko e miñiraaɓe mum rewɓe ɗiɗo mawɓe e yumma mum to Los Angeles e Washington, D.C., ko o Kerecee’en.[8] To Washington, o wonti katolik ko omo yahra e duuɓi jeetati. Yumma makko noon, ko presbiteriyanke Idaho.[9] Bakhtiar heɓi BA mum e daartol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Chatham, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1960.[10] Nde o yilliima yumma makko Helen to Isfahan, Bakhtiar weltaaki e wonde Mary Nell. Helen hollitii e sehil mum e mawɗo leñol Bakhtiari Yahya Khan, mo rokki Bakhtiar innde Perse "Laleh" e hitaande 1957.[11] O yahi ndeen e maggal e karallaagal. Ko adii ɗuum, to Cambridge, to Massachusetts, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 19, o hawri e filosof Iraannaajo biyeteeɗo Seyyed Hoseyn Nasr, hirjini mo e jokkude Lislaam e hoore mum e nder jaŋde mum. Bakhtiar e oon sahaa ko "Kerecee'en mo alaa diine keeriiɗo" caggal nde o woppi diine Katolik.[8][9] Nde o heɓi duuɓi 26, o ummii o fayi leydi Iraan ngam janngude suufiyaŋkaagal e aarabeeɓe Qur’aana to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Teheran to Nasr, o jokki e jannginde Bakhtiar fotde duuɓi 30.

Kugal

Bakhtiar winndi walla firti ko ɓuri defte 150 ko fayti e Lislaam, ina jeyaa heen : « Senso ngootaagu e Nader Ardalan », « Quraan toowɗo » e « Haalaaji suufiyankooji e ɗaɓɓaande mistik. O woniino kadi hooreejo Duɗal Psychologie Traditional e ganndo-hoɗorde to Kazi Publications.[12][13][14]

Quraan toowɗo oo

Firo makko Quraan, The Sublime Quran, yalti ko e hitaande 2007. Firo Bakhtiar ina etoo ƴettude miijo debbo, e jaɓde maanaaji goɗɗi e kelme aarabeeɓe ɗe laaɓaani walla ɗe annduɓe ɓee njeewtata. Yeru, o firti kāfirūn ko "ɓe njettaaki", wonaa firooji ɓurɗi heewde ɗi "ɓe ngoongɗinaani" walla "ɓe ngoongɗinaani". E nder simoore 4, aaye 34, ko fayti e no worɓe poti jogaade rewɓe murtuɓe, o firti helmere aarabeeɓe daraba ndee ko "yah", wonaa "fiyde" walla "fiyde".[15] Bakhtiar ina sikki ɗeen firooji ina mbaawi wallitde paamondiral hakkunde ɓe ngonaa juulɓe e juulɓe.[12][13][16]

Caalaje

Bakhtiar ina joginoo ɓiɓɓe tato, Mani Helene (Farhadi), Iran Davar, Karim Ardalan. O dañii taaniraaɓe njeetato. Ɓiɗɗo debbo Bakhtiar biyeteeɗo Iran Davar ko binndoowo, jaayndiyanke, kadi ko sosɗo IVOW, fedde fuɗɗorde gollondirnde e Duɗal Psychoethics e Guidance Traditional ngam ƴellitde AI yeewtere tuugiinde e binndanɗe Bakhtiar.[20][21]

Yumma Bakhtiar, hono Helen Jeffreys Bakhtiar, ko golloowo e cellal renndo to leydi Iraan e kitaale 1950, o teddiniraa ko leñol Bakhtiari ngol, ngol inniri tufnde.

Mawniiko gorko ko Jamshid Bakhtiar, ɓurɗo anndeede ko Jim, safroowo hakkille. O woniino fullback e placekicker to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Virginia, o suɓaama e fedde winndooɓe fuku koyɗe Amerik ngam wonde ekipaaji gadani caggal e nder ekipaaji mum fuku koyɗe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Amerik fof e hitaande 1957.[22] E nder miñiiko debbo biyeteeɗo Parveen, ɓiɗɗo mawniiko debbo ko Lailee McNair winndiyanke, ɓiɗɗo mawniiko debbo ko Fred McNair gonnooɗo fijoowo tennis

Njeenaaje e anndinde

E lewru mee 2016, Bakhtiar rokkaama njeenaari nguurndam mum ummoraade e fedde Mohammed Webb to Chicago.[23]

Ñalnde 15 noowammbar 2020, Daisy Khan, sosɗo WISE, teddini Bakhtiar e njeenaari nguurndam.[24]

Wolde do goɗɗo

Mohammad Ashraf, hooreejo fedde lislaam to Amerik worgo (Kanada), wiyi o jaɓataa yeeyde The Sublime Quran e nder defterdu fedde nde ISNA, sabu Bakhtiar janngaani e duɗal juulɓe jaɓaangal. "Ngolɗoo firo debbo-sehil maa yaltu e laawol, fiyrataa ko juuti", o wiyi. "Rewɓe ndokkaama nokku moƴƴo sanne e nder Lislaam."[25]

Khaled Abou El Fadl, jannginoowo sariya lislaam to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaliforni, Los Angeles (UCLA), wiyi wonde « ina jogii innde e nder binndol, wonaa [hono] ganndo lislaam »,[12] e wonde duuɓi tati e ɗemngal aarabeere kiiɗngal wonaa noon ina heddi.[12] El Fadl kadi "ina mettini e feere firo tuugniinde e saggitorde e firooji goɗɗi e ɗemngal Engele."[12] Bakhtiar jaɓaani ndeeɗoo ñiŋoore o wiyi, "Njiylawu oo ina [ ɗoon] sabu ko mi debbo." O wiyi kadi won firooji anndaaɗi goɗɗi ɗi njiytaaka ko annduɓe lislaam.[12]

Njawdi

E lewru Duujal 2009, winndiyanke Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Dave Eggers wasiyiima deftere Quraana toownde e nder lowre Oprah.com.[26] Eggers wi'i, "[I]t udditani yam belɗum iimanaaku bee laawol ngol walaa firo binndol ngol meeɗi. Kadi, ko goonga, nder deftere nde a tawi, laaɓɗum masin, darnde Islaama ngam nuunɗal renndo, ngam." jam e ɓe ngalaa jawdi."[27]

Laamɗo leydi Jordani biyeteeɗo Ghazi Bin Muhammadu jaɓi firo Bakhtiar e Qur’aana.[28] Winnditorde Reza Aslan kadi yettii firo ngoo,[29] o wiyi, "Ko ngol woni go’o ko debbo ina waawi rewrude e binndol ngol e mbaydi ngoɗndi, ɗum noon ina waɗi firo ngo aldaa e jinnaaɓe, ngo ɓuri yahdude e nulal ngal e... ruuhu Quraan ɓuri kala firo ɓennungo."[28]

Scott Alexander, hooreejo janngirde katolik-juulɓe haa kawtal diinaaji katolik, wi'i, "darnde maako nder janngirde lislaam haa lesdi hirnaange ɗon nder limngal manngal feere-feere, nden ɗum waddi legacy ko goonga monumental. As an winndiyanke, Dr. Bakhtiar winndi defte keewɗe ɗe ndartiima no feewi e binndi jaagorgal suufiyaŋkooɓe e haa teeŋti e rewɓe suufiyaŋkooɓe e darorɗe teeminannde noogas e go’o / fuɗɗoode teeminannde sappo e joyaɓere."[28]

Tuugnorgal

John Colson, yeewtere ndee ko dow rewɓe juulɓe

Hanady Kader, Ñaawirde Juulɓe Amerik, WeNews, 29 lewru Mbooy 2008.

Zavadski, Katie (10 abriil 2017). "No Rewɓe tato Ameriknaaɓe firirta gooto e Quraanuuji ɓurɗi lollude e winndere ndee". Daaba ñalnde kala. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 21 suwee 2021.

Quraana (2007). Alkuraan toowɗo: Laleh Bakhtiar: 9781567447507: Amazon.com: Defte. Aduna Islaam.com. ISBN 978-1567447507.

"Njiylawu keso e binndol ceningol – tribunedijital-chicagotribune". Binndanɗe.chicagotribun.com. 2007-04-10. Heɓtinaa ko ñalnde 10-05-2015.

Useem, Andrea (18 lewru nduu). "Laleh Bakhtiar: Debbo Amriknaajo firo Qur'aana". Bayyinooɓe yontere kala.com. Heɓtinaa ko ñalnde 10-05-2015.

Aslan, Reza (20 noowammbar 2008). "No Janngirtee Quraan". Slate. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 8 sulyee 2011.

"Laleh Bakhtiar: Miɗo jokki e Diina Yiɗde". Fedde Ardorde Juulɓe Amerik. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 26 noowammbar 2021.

"Pont hakkunde pine ɗiɗi". Deftere DiineLine. Mee 1996.

Downey, Saara (15 mee 2003). "Helen mo Iraan". Jannguɗo. Sikago. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 26 noowammbar 2021.

Ardalan, Davar (25 juillet 2018). "Banndiraagal makko ɓuuɓtii: mawninde Ruuhu Yumma am mo alaa ko waawi". Heɓtinaama ñalnde 28 noowammbar 2021.

Noreen S. Ahmed-Ullah (10 abriil 2007). "Njiylawu keso e binndol ceniingol". Jaaynde Chicago. Ƴeewtaama ñalnde 8 sulyee 2011.

"Maayɗo Laleh Bakhtiar". Eɓɓoore lislaam rewɓe e nder ruuhu e potal. Ñalnde 18 lewru bowte hitaande 2009. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 21 suwee 2021.

"Hakkeeji Neɗɗaŋke e Hakkeeji Rewɓe e nder Lislaam". Moƴƴinaama gila e fuɗɗoode mum ñalnde 2016-03-03. Ƴeewtaa ko e 18-03-2010.

Neil MacFarquhar, Firo keso ina addana jeewte dow aayeeji lislaam, jaaynde New York Times, ñalnde 25 mars 2007.

Aslan, Reza (20 noowammbar 2008). "No Janngirtee Quraan". Slate. Ƴeewtaama ñalnde 8 sulyee 2011.

Ardalan, Davar (25 juillet 2018). "Yumma am wonnoo ko hijjoore e njiylawu ŋoŋɗi". Heɓtinaama ñalnde 26 noowammbar 2021.

"Nguurndam". Enneagram suufiyanke. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 21 suwee 2021. Doktoor Laleh Bakhtiar, Ph.D. [sic]

Ardalan, Dawar. "Cuusal, teddungal, nuunɗal e hakkille duumotooɗo ganndo maayɗo Laleh Bakhtiar". Ƴeewtaama ñalnde 18 Oktoobar 2020.

Ardalan, Iraan Davar (2010). Innde am ko Iran: Memoir. Henri Holt e sosiyetee mum. p. 147.

Hammond, Yuusuf (9 noowammbar 2021). « Karallaagal AI ina wuurtina daande Laleh Bakhtiar ». Jaaynde Wasinton. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 10 noowammbar 2021.

Ted Gangi; Josh Yonis (moƴƴinoowo). "FWAA Amerik fof gila 1944: Goomu nguu fof" (PDF). p. 15. Arsiif ummoraade e asli (PDF) ñalnde 03-2019. Keɓtinaa ko 28-11-2021.

Laleh Bakhtiar, Ph.D njeenaari nguurndam, fedde Mohammed Webb e nder Youtube

"Laleh Bakhtiar, keɓɗo njeenaari nguurndam WISE". Ñalnde 17 noowammbar 2020.

Leslie Scrivener, Furor dow wolde alkule jowi, Hoodere Toronto, 21 Oktoobar 2007

"Cuɓagol winndooɓe: Miijooji dokke ngam kala janngoowo e doggol maa". Opera.com. Duujal 2009. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 21 lewru Siilo, 2021.

"Taariikaaji juulɓe Ameriknaaɓe to Louisiana: yeewtere e Dave Eggers". Kabaaru ñalnde kala Ejipt. Ñalnde 23 ut 2009. Ƴeewtaa ko 21 suwee 2021.

"Ƴeewte". Quraan toowɗo oo. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 21 suwee 2021.

Aslan, Reza [@rezaaslan] (25 decembre 2015). "Ngam ɓurde laaɓtude miɗo ɓuri yiɗde Ahmed Ali. Ngam heɓde, Tarif Khalidi. Ngam ƴettude rewɓe, Laleh Bakhtiar" (Tweet). Keɓtinaa ko ñalnde 22 suwee 2021 – e Twitter.

Jokkondire yaajɗe

Jaayɗe jowitiiɗe e Laleh Bakhtiar to Wikimedia Commons

Laleh Ganndal Lake Jeewte AI tuugiiɗo e golle Bakhtiar