Nüshu

writing system, syllabary, natural writing system, unicase alphabet
Golle imaaɗe	800
Name	Nüshu, nüshu, Nushu
Lesdinkeejum	𛆁𛈬, 女書, 女书
Based on	regular script
Language of work or name	Xiangnan Tuhua, Pinghua and Tuhua
Script directionality	vertical right-to-left
Unicode range	U+1B170-1B2FF

Nüshu (𛆁𛈬 ; Sinuwaa hoybinaande: 女书; Sinuwaa gaadanteejo: 女書; pinyin: Nǚshū; [ny˨˩˨ʂu˦]; 'binndol rewɓe') ko binndol sillabik ummoriingol e alkule Sinuwaa ever]umen kuutortenooɗe e Ya1d Jiangyong, ko diiwaan e nder diiwaan Hunan to bannge worgo leydi Siin. Gila e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 21ɓiire won golle laawɗuɗe ngam wuurtinde binndol ngol, kam e kollitooje nafoore hesere e nder renndo ngo.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Nüshu ko fonetik, kala alkulal mum ko ina tolnoo e 600–700 ina hollira alkulal. Golle Nüshu ko laawol ngam rewɓe hollirde miijooji mum en e jikkuuji mum en e jokkondirde e renndo yurmeende.^[5]Ko ɓuri heewde e sukaaɓe rewɓe tato walla nayo, ɓe ngonaa banndiraaɓe, ina fotnoo waɗde sehilaagal e binndol ɓataakeeji e yimde jimɗi e ɗemngal Nüshu hakkunde mum en. E oon sahaa, rewɓe ɓee, ko ɓuri heewde, njanngaani janngude e winndude binndol Sinuwaa mawngol ngol.^[5]^[6]

Anndaaka nde Nüshu fuɗɗii, kono ina wayi no nde yettiima tolno mum e nder daawal gadanal laamu Qing (1644–1911). Ngam hisnude binndol ngol no ndonu pinal ngol alaa ko woni e mum, laamuuji Siin sosi musee Nüshu e hitaande 2002, toɗɗii "Nüshu transmetters" fuɗɗoraade e hitaande 2003. Kulol wonde sifaaji binndol ngol ina mbaylee e darnde yeeyde ngol ngam njulaagu binndol ngol2.

Feere e jaɓgol

Nüshu huutortenoo ko ngam winndude mbaydi Sinuwaa ceertundi anndiraandi Xiangnan Tuhua ndi yimɓe Yao sinkaaɓe ɓee kaaldata e nder diiwaan maayo Xiao e maayo Yongming to fuɗnaange Jiangyong, Hunan.[4] Ndeeɗoo ɗemngal, ceertunde no feewi e ɗemngal nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder Hunan, haa arti noon e hakkillaaji mum en seeɗa, ina anndaa e haalooɓe maggal ko [tifɯə] ‘ɗemngal Dong’. Miijooji ina ceerti e senngo Xiangnan Tuhua, sibu ina jogii sifaaji keewɗi ceertuɗi e mbaydiiji Siin. Won annduɓe ina limta ɗum e les ɗemngal Sinuwaa Xiang walla Pinghua, annduɓe woɗɓe ina limta ɗum e ɗemngal jillondirngal.[4] Ko ɓuri heewde e hoɗɓe e Jiangyong ko ɗemɗe ɗiɗi e ɗemngal Xiangnan Tuhua e ɗemngal Hunan e ɗemngal Mandarin Fuɗnaange-rewo.[4][5] Xiangnan Tuhua ina winndee tan e kuutoragol Nüshu,[6] kadi nde huutoraaka ngam winndude ɗemɗe goɗɗe, ko wayi no ɗemngal Mandarin Fuɗnaange-rewo kaaleteengal e Hunan, walla ɗemngal Yao nokku oo.^[7]^[6]

Nushu Kartal renndinde

Nandugol e ɗemngal Sinuwaa binndaangal, ɗo kala alkulal Sinuwaa ko logogaraafi, ina hollira konngol walla feccere e konngol, Nüshu ko fonetik, ko ina tolnoo e 600–700 alkulal ina hollira alkule ɗe Xiangnan Tuhua haali. Ɗumɗoo ko hedde feccere e limoore ɗaɓɓaande ngam hollirde denndaangal alkule ɗemngal ngal, nde tawnoo ceertugol tonngoode ina heewi yejjiteede, ɗum noon ko "hoybinde alkule Sinuwaa ɓurɗe waylude e laaɓtude ɗe meeɗaa ƴeewteede".[8] Zhou Shuoyi, sifotoo ko gorko gooto tan ganndi binndol ngol, winndi saggitorde ina limta 1 800 alkule ceertuɗe e allographe.[9]

Ina sikkaa wonde alkule Nüshu ummorii ko e mbaadiiji ceertuɗi e alkule Sinuwaa, hono no yiyraa e innde binndol ngol nii, hay so tawii won heen ko waylaa no feewi ngam ɓurde yahdude e mbaydiiji mbaylaandi winndaa ko e coloŋaaji ndartiiɗi dogdu gila ñaamo haa nano, kono e nder ngonkaaji hannde ɗii ina waawi winndeede e diidi gonɗi e dow nano haa ñaamo, hono no Sinuwaa hannde oo nii. Nandugol e ɗemngal Sinuwaa gaadoraangal, binndol Nüshu e diidi laaɓtuɗi no feewi, fotde jolɗe, ina yiyee ko maande binndol laaɓtungol.

Fotde feccere e Nüshu ko alkule Sinuwaa baylaaɗe kuutorteeɗe e logogaraafi.[dubious – discuss] E nder ko ina wona 100, alkule ɗee fof ina njaɓee e waylo-waylo seeɗa so wonaa ustude kaɓirgal ngal gila e karte haa e romboid, sahaa e sahaa fof ina wayla ɗe (natal daarorgal), tee ina heewi ustude limoore strokeeji. Teemedere woɗnde waylaama e strokeeji mum en, kono haa jooni ina weeɓi anndeede, hono no nü (女; ‘debbo’) dow nii. Fotde 200 ina mbayla no feewi, kono batte alkule Sinuwaa asliije ina njiyee haa jooni. Heddii ko alkule ɗee ko fonetik. Ko alkule baylaaɗe, hono no dow nii, walla geɗe ƴettaaɗe e alkule. Ɗe kuutortee ko e 130 nafoore fonetik, heen gooto fof ina huutoree ngam winndude e nder ordinateeruuji sappo kelme homofone walla ko famɗi fof homofone, hay so tawii noon ina woodi allograafiiji kadi ; rewɓe ina ceerti e hol alkulal Sinuwaa ɓe ɓuri yiɗde ngam nafoore fonetik keeriiɗo.[8]

Tariya

Iwdi Nüshu

Iwdi Nüshu tigi-rigi ina heddii ko laaɓtaani, sibu alaa binndanɗe ciftinɗe iwdi ndeeɗoo binndol. Gong Zhebing, wiɗtoowo arano Nüshu, mooftii aadaaji e daartol gonngol e nder yontaaji e nder diiwaan Jiangyong.^[8] Ɗeeɗoo nate ina kollita wonde iwdi Nüshu ina luggiɗi no feewi e nder daartol e aadaaji pinal nokkuuji ɗii, ina hawra e daartol e daartol.

Tagngo debbo laamɗo

Haala gooto ina haala debbo gooto baawɗo, belɗo, ummoriiɗo Jiangyong, ɓurɗo waawde yimde e mbaylaandi. Nguurndam makko mbelɗam e miñiraaɓe makko rewɓe hunnaaɓe ɓee, bonnii nde o suɓaa ngam wonde debbo laamɗo e nder galle laamorɗo. O seerti e yiɗde galle makko e sehilaaɓe makko, o sosi Nüshu tuugiiɗo e nate mbaylaandi ngam hollirde miijooji makko. O neldi ɓataakeeji binndaaɗi e ngalɗoo binndol kesol, o artiri miñiraaɓe makko rewɓe, o janngini ɓe no ɓe njiyrata ɗum. Binndol ngol haa jooni ina yaaji e nder rewɓe Jiangyong, ngol wonti kuutorgal teskinngal ngam jokkondirde.^[9]

Tagngo Pan Qiao

Haala goɗɗa ka yimɓe fof njiɗi, ina hollita Pan Qiao, suka debbo jahroowo e duuɓi 18, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum ɓuri waawde golle, ummoriiɗo wuro Tongshan. Nde o heɓi duuɓi tati, o waawi yimde; e duuɓi jeeɗiɗi, o janngi mbaylaandi; e nder duuɓi sappo e jeetati, o ɓurii kala golle debbo. Pan Qiao ina yiɗaa e rewɓe wonɓe e sara makko, ɓe keewi waɗde e makko banndiraaɓe hunnaaɓe.

Ñalnde heen, nde o woni e mooftude huɗo e nder koye, Pan Qiao nanngaa e fedde dogooɓe laamɗo, nawtaa ɗum to diiwaan woɗɗuɗo. Wuurde e maccungaagu tiiɗngu, o yiɗiino hisnude. O ari e miijo ƴettude binndol kesol tuugnorgal e nate ɗe o huutortoo ngam ƴettude lace e sosde diidi paɗe. O waɗii karallaagal gootal ñalnde kala e nder duuɓi tati, haa o dañi heen 1 080 maande. O huutoriima ngalɗoo binndol ngam winndude ɓataake, o artiri ɗum wuro makko. Miñiraaɓe makko rewɓe ƴetti mesaas oo, njiyti ɗo o woni ɗoo, yuɓɓini hisnude mo. Binndol Pan Qiao ngol ina rewi e yontaaji, ina sikkaa ngol wayliima haa ngol Nüshu.^[10]

Tagngo Ɓiɗɗo debbo Nayi-Jin

E nder ciimtol goɗngol, jibinannde Nüshu ko debbo jeyaaɗo to wuro Tongkou, ina wiyee « Ɓiɗɗo-Jin » (walla « Ɓiɗɗo-Jin ») sabu teddeendi jibinannde mum teeŋtundi ndi heewaani yiyeede. O anndaa e hakkille makko, e jimɗi makko, e mbaylaandi makko, o sosi Nüshu ngam jokkondirde e miñiraaɓe makko rewɓe hunnaaɓe, nde tawnoo ɓe mbaawaano janngude alkule Siin gaadanteeje. Ndee binndol wonti feere maɓɓe ngam wostondirde mesasuuji e ƴellitde jokkondiral maɓɓe e banndiraaɓe.^[11]

Ƴeewtaade leƴƴi ɗii

Ɗee daartol ina ceerti no feewi, ina renndini tiitooɗe keewɗe, ko wayi no caɗeele, hakkilantaagal, e aadaaji pinal rewɓe Jiangyong. Gong Zhebing miijii wonde Pan Qiao e Nine-Jin Maiden ina mbaawi wonde neɗɗo gooto, sibu daartol ngol fof ummorii ko e wuro Tongkou, ina renndini geɗe nannduɗe. Haala debbo laamɗo, hay so tawii ko romantik, ina heewi jogaade daartol ko famɗi fof.[10]

Annduɓe ina keewi jaɓde wonde Nüshu ina gasa tawa ko debbo nokkuyanke ganndo ko faati e mbaylaandi e jimɗi, jibinaaɗo e nate naalankaagal e nder golle mbaylaandi aadaaji. Binndol ngol waɗii darnde mawnde e nguurndam rewɓe Jiangyong, ngol ƴellitii jokkondiral ɓerɗe e ngol waɗiri jokkondiral e nder renndo baabiraaɓe ɗo binndol heewi wonde ko rewɓe mbaawataa heɓde.[10]

Evolution e ngonka pinal Nüshu

Anndaaka nde Nüshu ari. Caɗeele daɗndude Nüshu ko sabu aadaaji nokkuuji ɗii, ko wayi no ustude walla uddude binndi Nüshu e joom mum en e caɗeele mbaylaandi e kaayitaaji nguurndam e nder nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi.[11][12] Kono, ko heewi e koɗkiiji tawaaɗi e Nüshu ina kuutoree e nder ɗemɗe goɗɗe ɗemɗe Sinuwaa gila e laamu Song e Yuan (1127–1368). Huutoraade ina wayi no yettiima ɗo haaɗi e nder feccere sakkitiinde e laamu Qing (1644–1911).[8]

Ko adii hitaande 1949, Jiangyong ina golloroo e faggudu ndema, rewɓe ina poti ɗooftaade golle baabiraagal Konfusiyankeeje ko wayi no ɗooftaare tati. Rewɓe ina kaɗaa e nder galleeji (rewrude e jokkere enɗam) ina ndokkee geɗe e nder galleeji e golle njuumri e nokkuuji golle ladde, ko ɗum addani gollal Nüshu ƴellitaade. Teeŋti noon e rewɓe ɓe resndaaka, anndiraaɓe kadi "sukaaɓe rewɓe toowɓe", ina keewi hawrude e pelle e nder cuuɗi toowɗi ngam ɓuuɓnude e yimde. Golle yimde nüge (女歌; 'yimre rewɓe') ina addana sukaaɓe rewɓe janngude Nüshu.^[12]^[13]

Jiebay

Ina jeyaa e laabi gadani ɗi kuutoragol Nüshu duumii, rewrude e jiebai (结拜; 結拜; ‘banndiraaɓe rewɓe hunnaaɓe’). Jiebai sosi dental banndiraaɓe, e wallitde rewɓe jogaade sehilaaɓe. Sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓe resndaaka ina keewi jokkondirde ñalnde kala. So tawii ko e nder golle njuumri, walla njuumri, walla njuumri, sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓee ina ngollodoo e nder suudu dowru.[13] Ko tippudi wonde ɓe ɗaaniima toon kadi. "Ngolɗoo laawol addani ɓe mahde jokkondire ɓurɗe tiiɗde e nder yeewtere, e siynude, e fijde."[14] Yimre maɓɓe e jimɗi maɓɓe "ina kollita seedantaagal maɓɓe e banndiraagal".[13] Nde ɓe ɓadtii dewgal, ɓe wro

Golle

Ko heewi e golle Nüshu ɗee ko ‘miisuuji ñalnde tataɓere’ (三朝书; 三朝書; sānzhāoshū). Ko defte ɓutte ɗe laotong, jiebai e yummiraaɓe mbaɗi—ɗe ndokki banndiraaɓe mum en jiebai walla ɓiɓɓe mum en rewɓe so dewgal. Ɓe mbinndi jimɗi e ɗemngal Nüshu, ɗi ɓe ndokki ñalnde tataɓere caggal dewgal suka debbo oo. Ko noon 6e kolliri yaakaare ma66e e weltaare debbo oo caggal nde o yalti wuro ngoo, e mette ma66e nde 6e poti seertude e ma66e.^[13]

Golle goɗɗe, haa arti noon e jimɗi e jimɗi, ina njuɓɓinee e juuɗe, ina njuɓɓinee e mbaydiiji e mbaydiiji walla ina njuutee e geɗe ñalnde kala e comci. Nokkuuji goɗɗi ɗi Nüshu waɗi ina mbaɗi ballads, binndanɗe nguurndam neɗɗo, binndanɗe nguurndam neɗɗo, e duwaawu^[13]

Semmbe pinal

No Nüshu heewi huutoreede e nder fannu keeriiɗo nii, miijooji baabiraaɓe haɗi ɗum jaɓeede e nder renndo. Ɗee miijooji cikkatnoo ko Nüshu alaa ko nafata e nder aduna renndo sabu nafoore mum yi’eteende tan ko e nder ngonkaaji neɗɗo, tawa kadi ina teskaa wonde pinal e nder renndo ko worɓe ɓuri heewde. Naalankooɓe hannde ɓee etinooma siftorde Nüshu e firo mum. Yuen-yi Lo, naalanke Hong Kong–Macau, huutoriima natal ngam ñiŋde seerndi binndol e natal jamaanu e firtude gollal pinal Nüshu e gollal naalankaagal yiyteende e rewɓe e ngam rewɓe. Koreeji biyeteeɗi Helen Lai, jeyaaɗo to Hong Kong, ina kuutoroo jimɗi ngam ñiŋde no Nüshu hollirta jaayndeeji baabiraaɓe. O hollitii wonde Nüshu ko fannu naalankaagal kesal hay so tawii noon jaayɗe ina kollita ɗum ko sirlu.^[13]

Jimoowo Sinuwaa biyeteeɗo Tan Dun sosi simfoni multimedia ina wiyee Nu Shu : Jimi sirlu rewɓe ngam harfeere, orkestra, e mikroofilmuuji 13. Tan Dun waɗii duuɓi joy ina waɗa wiɗtooji e nder diiwaan Hunan, ina winnda e filmuuji jimɗi ceertuɗi ɗi rewɓe ɓee kuutortoo ngam jokkondirde. Ɗeen jimɗi ngonti dimensiyonal tataɓal e simfoni makko, eɗe peeñninaa e bannge orkestra e solist harp.[citation needed]

Lisa See ina siftina kuutoragol Nüshu e nder rewɓe teeminannde 19ɓiire e nder deftere mum « Puɗol nees » e « Fan sirlu ».

Tuugnorgal

↑ Watts 2005.
↑ Wu, Huizhong (31 July 2024). "A centuries-old secret script called nüshu is empowering young Chinese women". AP News. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
↑ Cody, Edward (2004-02-24). "A language by women, for women". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2004-02-24 – via MSNBC.
↑ Cody, Edward (2004-02-24). "A language by women, for women". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2004-02-24 – via MSNBC.
1 2 Zhao 2006, p. 162.
1 2 Chiang 1995, p. 22.
↑ Zhao 2006, p. 247.
↑ Gong, Zhebing (October 12, 2006). "女书：中国女性为自己创造的文字". Institute of Ethnic Literature CASS.
↑ Gong, Zhebing (October 12, 2006). "女书：中国女性为自己创造的文字". Institute of Ethnic Literature CASS.
↑ Gong, Zhebing (October 12, 2006). "女书：中国女性为自己创造的文字". Institute of Ethnic Literature CASS.
↑ Zhao 2004.
↑ Liu 2017.
1 2 3 4 Foster 2019.

[FOOTNOTEWatts2005-1] Watts 2005.

[2] Wu, Huizhong (31 July 2024). "A centuries-old secret script called nüshu is empowering young Chinese women". AP News. Retrieved 10 August 2024.

[wapo-3] Cody, Edward (2004-02-24). "A language by women, for women". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2004-02-24 – via MSNBC.

[wapo2-4] Cody, Edward (2004-02-24). "A language by women, for women". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2004-02-24 – via MSNBC.

[FOOTNOTEZhao2006162-5] 1 2 Zhao 2006, p. 162.

[FOOTNOTEChiang199522-6] 1 2 Chiang 1995, p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEZhao2006247-7] Zhao 2006, p. 247.

[:0-8] Gong, Zhebing (October 12, 2006). "女书：中国女性为自己创造的文字". Institute of Ethnic Literature CASS.

[:02-9] Gong, Zhebing (October 12, 2006). "女书：中国女性为自己创造的文字". Institute of Ethnic Literature CASS.

[:03-10] Gong, Zhebing (October 12, 2006). "女书：中国女性为自己创造的文字". Institute of Ethnic Literature CASS.

[FOOTNOTEZhao2004-11] Zhao 2004.

[FOOTNOTELiu2017-12] Liu 2017.

[FOOTNOTEFoster2019-13] 1 2 3 4 Foster 2019.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]