Nigerian traditional rulers

Laamiiɓe aadaaji Naajeeriya ina keewi heɓde tiitooɗe mum en e laamɓe leyɗeele walla renndooji gonɗi ko adii nde Naajeeriya hannde oo sosetee. Hay so tawii eɓe ngalaa doole politik laaɓtuɗe, e nder geɗe keewɗe eɓe njokki e yamirde teddungal e nder ɓesngu maɓɓe, eɓe njogii kadi doole keewɗe e nder renndo maɓɓe.[1]

Hay so tawii jogiiɓe ɗum en ina keewi jogaade sifaaji laamlaamu e tiitooɗe maamiraaɓe mum en jom en hakkillaaji en, golle maɓɓe jeytaare e jokkondiral maɓɓe e laamuuji hakkundeeji e diiwaanuuji leydi Najeriya ɓuri ɓadaade ko ɓuri heewde e laamɓe toowɓe Orop ɓooyɗo, ɓuri ɓadaade laamɓe laamiiɓe tigi rigi .

Ko adii koloñaal

Natal laamɗo (Oba) laamu Benin e teeminannde 16ɓiire Naajeeriya hannde oo ina hawri e leyɗeele ɗe leƴƴi ceertuɗi no feewi, ɗemɗe e aadaaji ceertuɗi no feewi. E nder haalaaji yaajɗi, fuɗnaange-rewo ɓuri heewde ko Igbo en,[2] Delta Niger ko yimɓe Edo e yimɓe nannduɓe e Igbo, fuɗnaange-rewo ko yimɓe Yoruba e yimɓe nannduɓe e worgo ko Hausa e Fulani, tawi ko jillondiral caɗtungal hakkunde leƴƴi ceertuɗi e nder... hakkunde fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange. E nder ɗuum, ina waɗi (e ina woodi) ko ina ɓura 200 leñol ceertungol.[3][4]

Ko adii gargol Angalteer e darorɗe teeminannde 19ɓiire, daartol nokku oo ina ɓuuɓnoo, e sahaaji nde laamlaamuuji bayɗi no Oyo, Benin, Kanem-Bornu e Sokoto keɓiri nokkuuji mawɗi, e sahaaji goɗɗi ɗi dowlaaji ɗii ngonnoo ɓuri feccaade.[5] Hay so tawii noon mbaydiiji politik ina ceerti no feewi hakkunde leƴƴi ceertuɗi, ina heewi wonde kala wuro walla denndaangal gure ina njogii laamɗo anndiraaɗo, tawa kadi ina waawi wonde les laamɗo politik ɓurɗo mawnude. Nii woni kalifaandi Sokoto feccii e emiraaji, emiruuji ɗii ina ngondi e Sultan Sokoto, hay so tawii noon sahaa e sahaa fof ina mbaɗa laamɓe jeytaare.[6]Jamanuuji koloñaal Oropnaaɓe ina ɓooyi yeeyde e leyɗeele daande maayo, ko adii fof ina mbayla cotton e geɗe peewnaaɗe goɗɗe ngam jiyaaɓe e geɗe nebam palme e nder nokkuuji ko wayi no Calabar, Bonny e Lagos. Protectorat Coast Niger sosaa ko e hitaande 1891 ina joginoo nokku tokooso e saraaji geec. E nder duuɓi 1879–1900, Sosiyetee Royal Niger waɗii darnde tiiɗnde ngam heɓtude laamu nder leydi ndii, huutoriima konu nguu, jogiingu balɗe Maxim, e waɗde nanondiral "reende" e laamɓe nokkuuji ɗii. Leydi sosiyetee oo soodaama laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1900, tawi diiwaan fuɗnaange oo hawritii e Protectorat Coast Niger ngam wontude Protectorat Nijeer Fuɗnaange e Protectorat Nijeer Fuɗnaange heddii ko seerti. E hitaande 1914 ɗiɗo ɓee kawritii e Koloni e Protektoraat Naajeeriya, ko ina wona keeri mum en ko nanndi e dowla Naajeeriya hannde oo.[7][8]

Komisinaajo mawɗo leydi Angalteer gadano ngam Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya, hono Lord Frederick Lugard, etinooma laamaade rewrude e laamɓe aadaaji, caggal ɗuum ngool laawol yaajnaama haa fuɗnaange. Lomtiiɗo Lugard, hono Hugh Clifford, acci ngool laawol e nokku mum to bannge worgo, ɗo laawol emirate ngol joginoo aadaaji juutɗi, kono o naatni diiso doosɗe e won e terɗe cuɓaaɗe to fuɗnaange, o woppi laamɓe aadaaji ɗii e golle maantiniiɗe ɓurɗe heewde.[9] Nde yahri yeeso, jokkondiral hakkunde njuɓɓudi koloñaal e laamɓe aadaaji ɓeydiima. Yeru, leñol Tiv, e oon sahaa, leñol nayaɓol ɓurngol mawnude e nder leydi ndii, ko leñol ɓurngol heewde doole, ɗum noon alaa laamɗo ɓurɗo mawnude. Angalteernaaɓe sosi biro Tor Tiv e hitaande 1947, ɓe toɗɗii Makere Dzakpe ngam wonde gardiiɗo ndeeɗoo tiitoonde, ngam heɓde "laamɗo aada" ngam haalde ngam leñol Tiv.[10]Naajeeriya jeytaare

Oba Lagos e delegaasiyoŋ ofiseeji laana ndiwoowa e lewru suwee 2006 E jeytaare e hitaande 1960, rewi heen ko mbayliigu laamuuji demokaraasi e konu, darnde laamɓe aadaaji ɓeydii mawnude. To bannge worgo, emiruuji ɗii, haa jooni, njippiima e njuɓɓudi laamu nguu, hay so tawii noon njuɓɓudi ndii ina heewi wonde ko yimɓe teskinɓe aadaaji. Ɗo laamɓe keɓnoo ko adii ɗuum golle tiiɗɗe ko e ndonu walla e toɗɗagol diiso mawɓe, laamu nguu ɓeydiima hannde naatde e lomto.[11]

Won heen, laamu nguu hawritii walla feccii domenuuji gaadanteeji. Yeru, wonno laamɓe ɗiɗo e leñol Efik e nder nokkuuji saraaji Calabar, kono e lewru desaambar 1970, nanondiraama ngam hawrude e biro gooto, tawi ko laamɗo ganndiraaɗo Obong jogori jogaade.[12] Nde diiwal Yobe sosaa ko emiraaji nay tan ngonnoo, kono e lewru Yarkomaa 2000 guwerneer diiwaan oo Bukar Abba Ibrahim waylitii diiwaan oo e nder 13.[13] Laamu nguu ina jokki e senngooji koloñaal. Nii woni nde guwerneer diiwaan Kwara, Bukola Saraki, toɗɗii laamɓe tato kesi e lewru ut 2010, Emir keso Kaiama toɗɗaama laamɗo aadaaji gadano, Onigosun mo Igosun e Alaran mo Aran-Orin toɗɗaama laamɓe tataɓo.[14]

Laamɓe aadaaji hannde ina teddiniree no feewi e nder renndooji keewɗi, ina njogii semmbeeji keewɗi to bannge politik e faggudu.Hay so tawii ɓe ngalaa darnde laaɓtunde e nder njuɓɓudi demokaraasi, ina woodi luural mawngal ngam heɓde jooɗorɗe laamɓe e nder poolgu keewngu laamuuji potɗi heɓde.[1] Laamɓe ɓee ina mbaawi kadi rokkude tiitooɗe aadaaji walla teddungal e nder njuɓɓudi laamu leydi Najeriya. Ɗee tiitooɗe ina ngardi e darnde ex officio e nder "njuɓɓudi" mum en, tee alɗuɓe e politikaaji ina keewi waɗde nafoore mawnde e heɓde ɗeen tiitooɗe.[15]

Laamɓe ina njogii darnde nafoore e nder jokkondire hakkunde yimɓe e dowla, ɓeydude njiimaandi ngenndi, safrude luural tokosal e rokkude kisal juɓɓule ngam birooji dowlaaji ɗi keewi waasde.[16] Ina waawi tawa ko sabaabu gooto e doole maɓɓe wonde yimɓe leƴƴi keewɗi ina njogii mbaawka jokkondirde e ɗemngal Engele laawɗungal, ko ɗuum waɗi laamɗo aadaaji ina wona firoore e haaloowo.[17] Haa lewru June 2010, diiwal Akwa Ibom mari laamɓe aadaaji 116 marɓe seedanteeje laamu diga lesdi man. Ɓe keɓiino otooji kesi e toɗɗagol maɓɓe, e nder pergitte goɗɗe. Hooreejo kawtal hooreeɓe Akwa Ibom wi'i nder limngal, baabiraaɓe aadaaji ɗon mari haaje haɗugo wuyɓe e wuyɓe nder domenaaji maɓɓe.[18]

Tiitooɗe No woodi ko ɓuri 525 ɗemɗe neeniije feere-feere nder Naajeeriya, woodi tiitooɗe ɗuuɗɗe ngam laamɓe aadaaji.[19]

E nder leyɗeele juulɓe worgo, Emir ina heewi huutoreede e ɗemngal Engele, kono inɗe e nder ɗemɗe nokkuuje ɗee ina njeyaa heen Sarki, Shehu, Mai, Etsu e Lamido.

To leydi Najeriya, tiitooɗe ceertuɗe ina mbaɗee. Yeru mum ko Aku Uka mo laamu Kwararafa, laamɗo aadaaji Jukun, mo jooɗorde mum woni Wukari, diiwaan Taraba. Agwam ina huutoree e nder leƴƴi Atyap en, Kpop ina huutoree e nder Ham en ; Agwom hakkunde Adara, Afizere, Bakulu e Gbong Gwom e Berom en to bannge worgo diiwaan Kaduna e diiwaan Plateau. Tor ko Tiv en kuutortoo, Oche en ko Idoma mo diiwaan Benue kuutortoo. Long e Ngolong ko Goemai e Ngas kuutortoo, Ponzhi ko Tarok, fof e Dowla Plateau kuutortoo.Oba woni tiitoonde laamɗo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi Benin e nder diiwaan Edo. Enogie (keewgol enigie) e Okao (keewgol ikao) ina mbiya ko laamɓe makko e cukko laamɓe e nder Laamu Benin, Odionwere ina mbiyaa ko guwerneeruuji makko walla mawɓe makko. E nder golle, enigie ndartinaaka e nder renndooji jogiiɗi ikao, nde tawnoo ko kamɓe ngoni laamɓe aadaaji e wakilaaji Oba, halfinaaɓe njuɓɓudi renndooji maɓɓe.

Onojie woni ko leƴƴi Esan kuutortoo ngam wiyde laamɓe mum en ceertuɓe e nder diiwaan Edo, yimɓe Afamai ina kuutoroo Otaru e Okwokpellagbe. Tiitooɗe goɗɗe kadi ina kuutoree.

Yimɓe Itsekiri mo Laamu Warri ɗon nodda laamiiɗo maɓɓe aadaaji bee tiitoonde Olu of Warri.

E nder Urhobos e Isokos Dowla Delta, tiitoonde huuɓtodinnde huutorteende ko Ovie. Won e leƴƴi ina kuutoroo tiitooɗe nannduɗe kono, ko wayi no Orodje, Orosuen, Ohworode, Odion-Ologbo, e Odio r’Ode.

Obong kadi ina huutoree e leƴƴi Efik, Ibibio e Annang e nder leyɗeele Cross River e Akwa Ibom.

E nder leñol Igbo en to Fuɗnaange-rewo, Eze, Igwe e Obi ɓuri huutoreede ngam hollirde laamɓe. Banndiraaɓe maɓɓe, Ijaw en wonɓe e delta Niiseer, ina mbiya gooto e laamɓe maɓɓe ko Pere walla Amanyanaboh.

Oba kadi ina huutoree e leƴƴi Yoruba ngam hollirde laamɓe mum en ceertuɓe, hay so tawii noon tiitooɗe goɗɗe ko wayi no Ooni, Alake, Alaafin, Awujale, Olomu, Akarigbo, Orangun, Olu’wo, Eleko, Soun, Olumushin e Eburu ina kuutoree kadi, keertiiɗi to yimɓe e/walla nokku laamiiɗo.

E nder leñol Elemeeji Rivers State to Fuɗnaange-Fuɗnaange. Laamɗo oo ina wiyee Emere kono ina anndiraa Oneh Eh Eleme. Autres titres hawti: oneh eh nchia, oneh eh odido, oneh eh eta.Tuugnorgal

Oma Djeba; Kolins Edomaruse; Lanre Issa-Onilu; Agaju Madugba; Oke Epia (31 ut 2003). "Baabaaji laamɓe: Doole mum en, doole mum en, nafoore mum en..." BNW News. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 3 suwee 2010.
Harneit-Sievers, Aksel (1998). "Igbo 'Laamɓe aadaaji': Laamu e laamu nder Fombina-fuunaange Naajeeriya". Spektrum Afrik. 33 (1): 57-79. ISSN 0002-0397.
"Teskorde: Naajeeriya". Departemaa dowla Amerik. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 3 suwee 2010.
Yakubu, A,M (2006). Emir'en e siyaasa'en: Ƴellitaare, Jaabawol e Ƴellitaare nder Fuunaange Naajeeriya 1950 -1966. Kaduna -Niiseer: Jaaynde Baraka e bayyinoowo p. 56. ISBN 978-32929-3-5.
Thornton, John K. (1999). Konu nder Afrik Atlantik 1500-1800. Londres e New York: Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-393-7.
Jonson, Hugh A.S. (1967). Laamu fulɓe mo sokoto. Jaaynde jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford. ISBN 0-19-215428-1.
Tomaa Pakenham (1991). Hare ngam Afrik, 1876-1912. Suudu Random. ISBN 0-394-51576-5.
Olayemi Akinwumi (2002). Pijirlooji koloñaal ngam diiwaan Najeriya, 1884–1900: daartol tawtoreede Almaañ. LIT Jaaynde Münster. ISBN 3-8258-6197-X.
"Jannde leydi: Naajeeriya". Defterdu Kongres. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 25 mars 2010.
Bili J. Dudley (1968). Lanndaaji e siyaasaaji nder woyla leydi Naajeeriya. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 0-7146-1658-3.
"Niiseer – Nijeer jeytaare | Britannica". Ensiklopediya Biritaan. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 10 Duujal 2022.
"Pinal e Renndo". Wuro Creek (Iboku Esit Edik) Foundation. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 30 oktoobar 2010. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 3 suwee 2010.
Ola Amupitan (Aut 2002). "Caɗeele Potiskum e Damaturu ngam wonde laamorgo Yobe". Annduɓe. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 11 sulyee 2011. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 3 suwee 2010.
"Saraki jaɓi toɗɗagol laamɓe kesi 3". Laarɗo Naajeeriya. 19 lewru bowte 2010. Moftinaama e fuɗɗoode ñalnde 14 lewru juko 2011. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 3 suwee 2010.
Chris Ewokor (1 ut 2007). "Nijeeriya'en ɗon ƴama ngam tiitoonde". Kabaaru BBC. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 3 suwee 2010.
Wiliyam F. S. Miils (1993). "Laamɓe aadaaji e njuɓɓudi ɓamtaare: Ardorde leydi Niger, Naajeeriya, e Vanuatu". Jannde e nder ƴellitaare winndereyankoore nannditiinde. 28 (3): 31-50. Doi:10.1007/BF02687120. S2CID 153334589.
Luwis Brenner (1996). "Ko ɓuri maayo: Lislaam e renndo e nder wuro Hirnaange Afrik winndi Robert Launay". Jaaynde Duɗal Afrik hakkunde leyɗeele. 66 (2). Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Edinburg: 304-307. Doi:10.2307/1161326. JSTOR 1161326.
"AKSG annditii 116 laamɓe aadaaji e nder duuɓi tati, rokki otooji e seedanteeje anndinde". Laamu leydi Akwa Ibom. 9 sulyee 2010. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 1 lewru abriil 2014. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 3 suwee 2010.
Simwa, Adriana (30 lewru bowte hitaande 2022). "Laamɓe e tiitooɗe maɓɓe nder Naajeeriya: Doggol laamɓe aadaaji". Legit.ng – Kabaaru Naajeeriya. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 10 Duujal 2022.