Third-sector railway
Japon, laana njoorndi sekteer tataɓo (第三セクター鉄道, dai-san sekutā tetsudō), sahaa e sahaa fof ina firtee ko laana njoorndi sekteer semi-laamu, ko laana njoorndi gollorteeka e sosiyetee denndinɗo mo sekteeruuji laamu e sekteeruuji keertiiɗi fof mbaɗi heen jawdi mum en– partnership maintainpri. Ɗeeɗoo laabi ɓuri heewde huutoreede ko e sosiyeteeji tokoosi jeyaaɗi e laamu prefektiir walla municipaal kam e nafooje keertiiɗe tokoose, kam en fof ina mbaɗa heen ngalu mum en e njuɓɓudi laana kaa. Laabi sekteer tataɓo ɗii, ko ɓuri heewde, ko laabi ɓooyɗi e nder fedde JR – walla, ko adii 1987, Laabi leydi Japon (JNR) – ɗi sosiyeteeji ɗii ƴetti.
Yeruuji laabi ɗi ndarnanoo ngam momtude walla waɗtude sosiyeteeji sektoraa tataɓo e nder teeminannde 20ɓiire fof ina njeyaa heen laabi Defisit 83 e laabi nokkuuji toɗɗaaɗi.
Inde To Japon, gollorɗe laamu (sektoraaji laamu) gollotooɗi, ko wayi no laana njoorndi leydi Japon ɓooyma, ina njiytee e "sektoraa gadano", gollorɗe sekteeruuji keertiiɗi ina mbaɗa "sektoraa ɗiɗaɓo". Nii woni, gollorɗe ɗe ngonaa e ɗeeɗoo cate ɗiɗi gadane, woni gollondiral hakkunde laamu e yimɓe, ina wiyee ina ngondi e "sektor tataɓo".
Sosde Laabi sekteer tataɓo ina keewi fuɗɗoraade golle e laabi kuutorteeɗi (nokkuuji) paralel so tawii sarwiis Shinkansen ina yaaji e nokku keso. E lewru marse 2024, laana ndiwoowa Hokuriku yaajii haa fuɗnaange, joofnirde mayre wayliima gila Kanazawa to diiwaan Ishikawa, fayti e Tsuruga to diiwaan Fukui. Hono no taƴe goɗɗe e laana mawka Hokuriku nii, JR West woppi jeyi gollal laana nokku oo e ngalɗoo laawol gootol, rokki ɗum sosiyetee keso sosaaɗo, ganndiraaɗo Hapi-Line Fukui. Ko noon kadi waɗiino duuɓi ko adii ɗuum e taƴe laana njoorndi jeyaaka hannde e laana njoorndi IR Ishikawa, laana njoorndi Ainokaze Toyamae laawol laana njoorndi Echigo TOKImeki.
Ngolɗoo laawol ina waawi yiyeede e diiwaan Tōhoku, tawi geɗel gootel e laawol mawngol Tōhoku ngol JR East ina jolnee e laawol laana njoorndi Aoimori e laawol laana njoorndi Iwate Galaxy caggal nde laana njoorndi Tōhoku Shinkansen ɓeydaa e nder fuɗɗoode kitaale 2000 fof.
Dalillaaji goɗɗi ngam sosde ɗum ko ƴettugol laabi njamndi keertiiɗi ɗi ngalaa nafoore, ɗi ɗaɓɓi ɓeydagol ngalu e laamuuji nokkuuji ɗii, e laabi kesi [ja] ko wayi no yah-ngartaa otomaatik, monorails, walla laabi maglev mahaaɗi e nokkuuji ƴellitaare yaawnde e ɓeydagol keeweendi gure.
Nafooje e caɗeele
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]No laamuuji nokkuuji jokkondirɗi e renndooji ɗii e sosiyeteeji keertiiɗi jogiiɗi humpito e dogginde njuɓɓudi laana njoorndi, ina kawri e ɗeen laabi, ina woodi tolno toowngo e njuɓɓudi e yuɓɓinde golle, tawa ina waawi waɗeede fawaade e ngonkaaji e haajuuji renndooji nokkuuji ɗii keewɗi waylude. Ɗeeɗoo laabi noon, ɓuri heewde ko ɗe ngalaa nafoore, ina ɗaɓɓi kaalis e laawol njoɓdi, ina mbaawi kadi jogaade batte ngam haɓaade momtugol sabu ŋakkeende ridership.
Ƴeew kadi
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Doggol laabi njamndi Japon ɗi sekteer tataɓo
- ↑ "第三セクター鉄道等協議会". 第三セクター鉄道等協議会 (in Saponeere). Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- ↑ Smith, Roderick (2004-01-06). "The future of the railways: Third sector railways: The Japanese model". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
- ↑ Aoki, Mami (March 2009). "Trends and Problems in Regional Railway Policy in Japan" (PDF). East Japan Railway Culture Foundation (in Engeleere). Japan Railway & Transport Review. pp. 6–9. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
- ↑ Black, John Andrew (2022). A Short History of Transport in Japan from Ancient Times to the Present (in Engeleere) (published 2022-03-18). ch. 6. doi:10.11647/OBP.0281. ISBN 978-1-80064-356-7.
- ↑ "Crisis of the Regional Transport". Japan Association for Promotion of Internet Application in School Education. 2018. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
- ↑ Altieri, Marcelo; Raskova, Erza; Costa, Álvaro (2022-06-01). "Differences in railway strategies: The empirical case of private, public-owned, and third-sector railways in Tokyo". Research in Transportation Business & Management. 43: 100787. doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100787. ISSN 2210-5395.