Wawru

Subclass of	reference, written work, caption
Directs readers to	document
Opposite of	uncitedness

Wawru Fedde, ko fuɗɗoode, firti ko iwdi humpito walla humpito, woni ɗo humpito ngoo heɓaa . fuɗɗoode ko winndannde hollitoore goonga daartol walla toɓɓere. iwdiiji ina mbaɗee e binndol ko wayi no deftere, jaaynde, walla winndannde ngam hollitde janngoowo oo wonde ko haalaa koo ko goonga walla alaa. e nder haala hee, jillondiral binndol e nder ɓanndu e binndol deftere ndee ko ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe cikkata ko ciimtol (so wonaa naatgol bibliografi e hoore mum). ciimtol konngol gootol, baawngol janngeede e binndanɗe ganndal elektoronik, ina wiyee non-publications, woni sifaa mikroo-rtiFuɗɗoode, firti ko iwdi humpito walla humpito, woni ɗo humpito ngoo heɓaa . Fuɗɗoode ko winndannde hollitoore goonga daartol walla toɓɓere. Iwdiiji ina mbaɗee e binndol ko wayi no deftere, jaaynde, walla winndannde ngam hollitde janngoowo oo wonde ko haalaa koo ko goonga walla alaa. E nder haala hee, jillondiral binndol e nder ɓanndu e binndol deftere ndee ko ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe cikkata ko ciimtol (so wonaa naatgol bibliografi e hoore mum). Ciimtol konngol gootol, baawngol janngeede e binndanɗe ganndal elektoronik, ina wiyee non-publications, woni sifaa mikroo- woni ko anndiraa koo haala, ko woni ko nanngiraa. Ko woni ko holli ko woni goonga. Ɗuum woni ko ɓe ɓesdi e Deftere ɗe ɓe mbiyi, bana defte, nder nder nder nder goomu, nder nder gooma, nder nder toɓɓe, ngam ɓe mbelti ko ɓe mbiyi. Ko ɓuri heewde e nder ɗemngal ngal, ko ɗum waɗi yimɓe heewɓe ina ndaara ɗum (ko ɗum woni ko ɓe mbiyi e nder defte maɓɓe). Ɗe defte ɗe haala gootol, ɗe waawi janngude nder ɗemɗe anndal jaayndeeji e nder ordinateeri ina nodda non publications, wonande feere-feere microattribution.

Tunorngal

ina waɗi faayiidaaji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi : ngam tabitinde laaɓal jaŋde (walla ngam haɗde fenaande), jogaade golle e miijooji asliiji e iwdiiji koolniiɗi, ngam newnude janngoowo oo ñaawde e hoore mum so tawii iwdiiji cifaaɗi ɗii ina mballita e miijo binnduɗo oo e nder rewindaade methodological the helpa the claim of, kuutoragol binnduɗo oo e huunde ndee.

Fuɗɗoode cifaaɗe ɗee ina keewi waɗtude hakkillaaji mum en e gootal e njuɓɓudi ciimtol jaɓaandi, ko wayi no Oxford, Harvard, MLA, Fedde Sosiyoloji Amerik (ASA), Fedde Ameriknaare Hakkillaaji (APA), e njuɓɓudi ciimtol goɗɗi, sibu nanondiral maɓɓe kuuɓtidinngal ina anndaa, ina weeɓi firteede e janngooɓe. Kala heen ciimtol ina jogii nafoore mum e caɗeele mum. Editoruuji ina keewi hollirde system mo ɓe kuutortoo.

Gunndo, e doggol tuugnorgal goɗngol nanndungol e maggol, heewi wonde ko ciimtol sabu ngol timminaani maanaa goonga e konngol ngol : ngol jaɓataa e anniya walla ngol humpitaa e binndooɓe woɗɓe ko fayti e ɓurondiral miijo neɗɗo.

Nummol

E nder bibliografi daartol, deftere, winndannde, lowre internet, walla geɗe goɗɗe bayyinaaɗe ina poti ƴeewteede no moƴƴi ngam anndude ko woni heen koo. Paandaale ceertuɗe ina kuutoree e ciimtol ganndal, ciimtol sariya, naalankaagal gadanal, naalankaagal, e neɗɗankaagal.

Ko woni ha ton

A Geɗe cifaaɗe ɗee ina mbaawi seertude fawaade e sifaa ƴoogirde, ina mbaawi kadi wonde :

Deftere: winndiyanke(ɓe), tiitoonde deftere ndee, nokku ɗo nde yalti, bayyinoowo, ñalngu nde nde yalti, e limoore hello (so ina woodi).
Jaaynde: winndiyanke(ɓe), tiitoonde winndannde ndee, tiitoonde jaaynde ndee, ñalngu yaltugol mum, e limoore hello(ji).
Jaaynde: winndiyanke(ɓe), tiitoonde daartol, innde jaaynde, tiitoonde taƴre e limoore hello tiitoonde (so ina woodi) e, ñalngu bayyinaango.
Hello web: winndiyanke(ɓe), tiitoonde winndannde e bayyinaango ɗo waawi wonde fof, kam e URL, e ñalngu ngu hello ngoo yaltinaa.
Pijirlooji: limtude diidi e rokkude feccere, dingiral, e limoore diidi, wonaa ɗiɗaɓo seerndi ɗum e toɓɓere: 4.452 ina hollira dingiral 4, dingiral 452. Yeru, "E nder Eugene Onegin, Onegin ƴetti Tanya nde o woppitaa ngam wonde makko, ko ndeen tan o felliti yiɗde ɗum nde o woni marriP45kin"-45.
Yimre : Ɗum huutortee ko ngam hollirde diidi yimre ceertuɗi, tawa kadi ko limre (limre) diidi ɗii heewi waɗde heen. Yeru: "Sabu miɗo foti yiɗde sabu miɗo wuuri." / Kadi nguurndam e nder am ko ko ndokku-ɗaa." (Brennan, diidi 15-16).
Yeewtere : innde yeewtanoowo, yeewtanaaɗo (ko adii ɗuum ko yeewtere keeriinde) e ñalngu yeewtere ndee.

Haa teeŋti e wiɗtooɓe

Yanti e kabaruuji ko wayi no winndooɓe, ñalngu bayyinaango, tiitoonde, e limooje kelle, limtooji ɗii ina mbaawi waɗde heen anndinooje keertiiɗe tuugiiɗe e sifaa golle kaaleteeɗe ɗee.

Limooje defte ina mbaawi wonde Limoore Deftere Adunaare (ISBN). Ɗum woni ( Limoore Deftere Standard Adunaare ).
Toɓɓe keertiiɗe, binndanɗe, walla geɗe goɗɗe baawɗe anndeede e nder sahaa ina mbaawi jogaade limre limre e darnde (SICI) e limre limre winndereere (ISSN).
Binndanɗe elektoronik ina njogii anndinoore huunde dijital, anndiraande kadi (DOI).
Binndanɗe wiɗtooji safaara nguurndam ina mbaawi jogaade anndinde PubMed ( PMID ).

Suudu

E nder haala hee, ina waɗi sifaaji ɗiɗi ciimtol, ko wayi no mbaydi Vancouver e mbaydi ciimtol ƴeewtotooɗo Goomu ƴeewndotooɗo ganndal (CSE) ina waɗi kadi mbaydi ciimtol ƴeewtotooɗo .

Siistem Vanco

Siistem Vanco ko huutoraade limooje laaɓtuɗe e nder binndol, walla jillondiral ɗiɗo fof. Limooje ɗee ina kollita maa wonii teskuyaaji (teskorɗe e joofnirde hello ngoo) walla teskuyaaji joofnirɗe (teskorɗe e hello ngoo e joofnirde ɓataake oo) baɗooji humpitooji laaɓtuɗi. Siistem footnote ina waawi ɗaɓɓude walla waasde ɗaɓɓude binndanɗe timmuɗe, fawaade e so tawii binnduɗo oo huutoriima note timmuɗe walla note juutɗe Yeru, ɓataake kuutortooɗo mbaadi ƴettugol binndanɗe tawa alaa bibliografi timmuɗo ina waawi nanndude e Daawe joy mette ɗee ko yeddude, tikkere, yeeyde, sunaare, e jaɓde. Haala ka woni les hello ngoo (binndol ustude) walla e joofnirde winndannde ndee (joofnirde binndol) maa nanndu e nii Elisabet Kubler-Ross, Ko fayti e maayde e maaydy E nder ɓataake jogiiɗo bibliografi timmuɗo, winndannde juutnde ina waawi nanndude e Kubler-Ross, Ko fayti e maayde e maayde 45-60. Naatgol deftere ndee, ɗaɓɓaande e binndol juutngol, maa wayno nii Kubler-Ross, Elisabet. On Maayde e Maayde Makmilan, hitaande 1969. E nder tagoore aadee, winndooɓe heewɓe ina kuutoroo nate walla humpitooji teeŋtuɗi ngam rokkude daartol ngol ko juuti. Ko noon kadi, ko nanndi e teskuyaaji ɗii, ko huunde ɓeydaande, walla miijooji ngam ɓeydaade janngude.

Ɓataake jibinannde

Citation parenthetique, anndiraande kadi citation Harvard, ko citation timmuɗo walla feccere, nder binndol, gonɗo e nder parenthese, tawa ina waɗee e nder parenthese. Daawe joy mette ɗee ko yeddude, tikkere, barke, kulhuli e jaɓde (Köbler-Ross, 1969, h. 45-60). E fawaade e mbaadi cuɓaandi, tuugnorgal kelme kuutorteeɗe ina waawi ɗaɓɓude taƴre sakkitiinde. Paɗe goɗɗe ina mbaɗi doggol tuugnorgal, tawa ina waɗi tuugnorgal timmungal, e nder feccere sakkitiinde, nde binnduɗo oo yuɓɓini alkule. Ndee feccere ina heewi wiyeede "Tuutorɗe", Bibliografi", "Golle cifaaɗe" walla "Yiylotooɗe tuugnorgal Citaaji nder binndi ngam binndanɗe internet ina mbaawi seertude, ina keewi kadi firtude. Detaayuuji timmuɗi e huunde ndee ina mbaawi hollireede tan ko nde janngoowo oo yiɗi, e mbaadi kuutorgal. Ngolɗoo laawol ina weeɓina ciimtol, ina moƴƴina humpito janngoowo.

Siistem noddirde innde

Alkule mawɗe keewɗe ina mbaɗee e joofnirde binndol ngol, hono no doggol inɗe nii, kono ciimtol ngol ina limtee fawaade e doggol golle cifaaɗe e joofnirde ɓataake walla deftere ndee ; ndee doggol ina heewi yuɓɓineede e alkule binndol.

Gikku

Statistical style ina waawi senndeede e nder styles ɓurɗi moƴƴude e humanities, hay so tawii won ko nanndi heen. Won e binndanɗe mbaydi, ko wayi no Chicago Manual of Style, ina ɓuuɓna, ina njuɓɓina mbaydi haaldude e binndol fof. Woɗɓe, ko wayi no styles MLA e APA, ina cifa sifaaji nder style gooto. Ɗii ina mbaawi wiyeede sifaaji njuɓɓudi e sifaaji citation. Ardorde style ceertunde ina hollita kadi mbaadi yeewtere, yeru, ñalngu bayyinaango, tiitoonde, e limooje kelle jokkondirɗe e innde binnduɗo oo, e kuutoragol maandeeji, alkule mawɗe, ciimtol, maandeeji limtooji ekn, haa teeŋti noon wonande style. Juɓɓule keewɗe ƴettii styles ngam waawde huutoraade haajuuji mum en ; ko ɗum waɗi, ardotooɓe ina keewi. Bayyinooɓe ɓee fof ina njogii heen geɗe mum en, won heen golle ina juuti haa ina njogii laabi ciimtol mum en : Stephanus pagination walla Platon ; Limlebbi Bekker walla Aristote ; naatnude Biibal e deftere, e tonngoode e aaye; walla Sekseer e pijirlooji.

Ɗemngal Citation Style (CSL) ko ɗemngal XML udditiingal ngam siftinde mbaydi no ciimtol binndanɗe daartol e iwdiiji.

Neɗɗaŋke

Deftere mbaydi Chicago (CMOS) ƴettaa, laabi mum ko Deftere mbaydi Chicago . Ina huutoree no feewi e daartol e faggudu kam e won e gannde renndo. Sifaa Turabiyanke jokkondirɗo oo—mo o ummii e mum—ko ngam ƴeewndorɗe almudɓe, kadi ina seerti e CMOS e woppude maandeeji gonɗi e doggol ƴeewndorɗe, e teeŋtinde jokkondire doosɗe.
Siistem Columbia oo ko Janice R. Walker e Todd Taylor mbaɗi ɗum ngam rokkude humpitooji laaɓtuɗi e ciimtol kaɓirɗe internet. Siistem Columbia ina rokka geɗe neɗɗaŋke e ganndal fof.
Sifaa: Sifaa Fuɗɗoode Taariindi gila e Kuutorɗe Taariindi haa e Web mo Elizabeth Shown Mills winndi ina waɗi ƴoogirɗe mawɗe ɗe ngalaa e CMOS, ko wayi no binnditagol, ñaawirdu, leydi, laamu, njulaagu, e binndanɗe eklesiya. Ina heen iwdiiji e mbaadi elektoronik. Ko daartooɓe e daartiyankooɓe kuutortoo ɗum.
Citation Harvard (walla system ñalngu) ko sifaa keeriiɗo citation gonɗo e nder jokkorgal. Ko ɗum heewi huutoreede ko e Duɗal Standards Biritaan e Fedde Ɗemɗe Jamɗe ngam wasiyaade ciimtol gonngol e nder jokkorgal. Ciimtol Harvard ina waɗi ñalngu juutngu, yeru, "(Smith, 2000)", waɗaaɗo caggal binndol ciimtol ngol e ciimtol timmungol limtaangol e joofnirde winndannde ndee.
MLA style ko Modern Language Association ƴettiti ɗum, ko ɓuri heewde huutoreede ko e naalankaagal e neɗɗankaagal, haa teeŋti noon e jaŋde Engele, jaŋde binndol goɗɗe, ina heen binndol nannditinngol e binndol ñiŋooje e ɗemngal Engele ("ɗemɗe janane"), e won e jaŋdeeji ɗi ngonaa fijirde, ko wayi no jaŋde pinal, dingiral e teleeji . Ndeeɗoo sifaa e mbaadi ciimtol huutortoo ko ciimtol binndol tawa ina waɗi hello binndol (Smith 395) walla hello [juutngo] (Smith, Contingencies 42). E nder ndee ɗoo golle, ciimtol binnduɗo oo ina tawee e binndol ngol. Deftere mbaydi MLA ina limta binndol ngol e nder feccere " Deftere MLA ngam winndooɓe binndanɗe wiɗto " to joofnirde mbaadi Citation e bibliography . ^{[lower-alpha 1]} e teskuyaaji (teskuyaaji walla humpitooji ɓeydooji). Deftere MLA ngam winndooɓe binndanɗe wiɗto, haa teeŋti e mbaadi Citation e Bibliography
MHRA Style Guide ko Fedde Wiɗtooji Neɗɗaŋke Jamanuuji (MHRA) yaltini, ɓuri huutoreede ko e ñeeñal e neɗɗankaagal. Ina soodee e nder leydi Angalteer e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik . Ina nanndi e style MLA, kono ina waɗi heen ko seerndi ɗum. Yeru, mbaadi MHRA ina huutoroo mbaadi citation rokkata humpitooji laaɓtuɗi tawa ina rokka bibliografi. Won e janngooɓe ina njiytoo heen nafoore wonde ciimtol ngol ina ɗaɓɓi humpitooji laaɓtuɗi, tawa wonaa humpitooji juutɗi, ɗum noon ɓe ngalaa haaju e janngude daartol so ɓe njanngii humpitooji goɗɗi bayyinaaɗi.

E won e fannuuji humanities, footnotes ina kuutoree tan ngam tuugnaade, kadi ina reena ngam footnotes jooni jooni (facciro walla hollirde). E nder ɗeen ɗoon geɗe, helmere "footnote" ndee ina huutoree no feewi e "reference", tee winndooɓe e winndooɓe ina poti waɗde heen hakkille no feewi ngam humpitaade no winndooɓe ɓee kuutortoo helmere ndee.

Bluebook ko mbaydi citation aadaaji kuutorteendi e binndol jaŋde Amerik, e ñaawirɗe keewɗe ina kuutoroo Bluebook (walla mbaydi nanndundi e mum ummoriindi e mum). Hannde, binndanɗe sariya janngirɗe ina njogii sahaa kala tuugnorgal, kono mojobere nde ñaawirɗe e miijooji ñaawirɗe ina kuutoroo e aadaaji ciimtol (citations) nder laylaytol (in-line citations), woni konnguɗi walla tonngooɗe ceertuɗe. Kabaaru gonɗo e nder laylaytol ina addana janngooɓe ɓee waawde yaawde anndude mbaawka lowre ndee, yeru, ñaawirde nde kuulal ngal ƴettaa e hitaande nde kuulal ngal ƴettaa.
Nokku ciimtol sariya huutorteeɗo ko famɗi fof e nder winndere ndee e nder Kanadaa tuugii ko e doggol ciimtol sariyaaji marsandiis (AKA the McGill Guide ), ngol McGill Law Journal yaltini.
Ko ɓuri heewde e sifaaji ciimtol sariya Biritaan ko mbaydi ciimtol Oxford ngam ciimtol laamuuji sariya (OSCOLA).

Kiimiyya, hiisa, injiniyaaruuji, fisik, e safaara

Sifaa Fedde Kemikal Amerik, walla sifaa ACS, ina heewi huutoreede e nder kemikal e won e gannde fisik. E mbaadi ACS, tuugnorgal ina limtee e nder binndol ngol kadi tuugnorgal ina limtee, limooje ina njuutee e binndol ngol no haanirta nii.
E nder mbaydi Duɗal Fisik Amerik (style AIP), tuugnorgal ina limtee kadi e nder binndol ngol e nder bibliografi, tawa limooje ɗee ina limtee e nder binndol ngol no haanirta nii.
Sifaa mo Fedde Hiisiwal Amerik (AMS) ƴetti, walla AMS-styles, ko wayi no AMS-LaTeX, huutortee ko e kuutorgal BibTeX e mbaadi LaTeX . Ina naatnee e hitaande adannde e hitaande bayyinaango e nder binndol ngol e ciimtol gadanol ngol. Citaaji gaadoraaɗi ɗii limtaama e nder njuɓɓudi toɗɗagol alkule, yeru [AB90]. Ooɗoo sifaa ina wiyee " Semmbe binndol. "
Siistem Vancouver, mo Goomu toppitiingu ganndal (CSE) wasiyii, ina huutoree e binndanɗe e wiɗtooji safaara e ganndal.
- E nder feere mawnde, huutorteende e fedde wiyeteende Fedde Ameriknaare Innjiniyankooɓe Masiŋaaji (ASME), limooje citation ɗee ina mbaɗee e nder binndol ngol e nder jokkorgal (paranteses) wonaa e nder binndol mawngol ngol. Denndaangal kabaruuji bibliografi ina tawee e doggol tuugnorgal to joofnirde winndannde ndee, sara limoore citation.
- Ko Goomu winndereewu toppitiingu winndooɓe jaayndeeji safaara (ICMJE) woni binnduɗo ooɗoo sifaa, ummoriiɗo e batu winndooɓe jaayndeeji Vancouver e hitaande 1978. Dataaji MEDLINE / PubMed ina kuutoroo ngool laawol, e defterdu ngenndiiru safaara ina rokka "Goomu winndereewu toppitiingu ƴeewndorɗe safaara (ICMJE) sarɗiiji gooti ngam binndanɗe juɓɓuɗe jolnaaɗe e jaayɗe safaara nguurndam - Templates samples".
Sifaa AMA.
Duɗal Innjiilaaji Elektrik e Elektoronik (IEEE) style, walla style IEEE, ina waɗi limooje citation e nder limlebbi karte e limooje jokkondirɗe, tawa limooje ina njuɓɓinee e nder binndol ngol no haanirta nii.
E nder fannuuji biyoloji gonɗi e les ICNafp (mo e hoore mum huutortoo ngalɗoo mbaadi citation e nder mum), sifaa ceertuɗo e tiitoonde winndiyaŋke oo ko laawol gadanol kuutorteengol so citation e sahaaji ina cifaa e timmude (e.g. e nder wasiyaaji ko faati e limoore bayyinaande e nder Taxon ), e golle ɗe limtaaka e nder binndi ɗi ngonaa. Tiitoondeeji ina kuutoroo limtooji gonɗi caggal Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum ngam golle jooni ɗee e Defte Tagsonomi 2 (caggal mum IPNI ) ngam defte.
Sifaa noddaango Pechenik ko sifaa sifotooɗo e nder Deftere juutnde e binndol ko fayti e Biyoloji, 6e ed. (2007), ko Jan A. Pechenik winndi.
E hitaande 1955, Eugene Garfield yaltinii mbaydi binndol ganndal, ngam moƴƴinde nguurndam binndanɗe ganndal .

Gannde renndo

Sifaa Fedde Hakkillaaji Amerik, walla sifaa APA, bayyinaango e deftere bayyinaango Fedde Hakkillaaji Amerik, ina heewi huutoreede e gannde renndo . Sifaa citation APA ina nanndi e Harvard referencing, limtude innde binnduɗo oo e hitaande bayyinaango mum, hay so tawii noon ɗeen ina mbaawi ƴettude mbaadiiji ɗiɗi : citation innde, ɗo inɗe binnduɗo oo peeñata e binndol ngol e hitaande bayyinaango ndee feeñata e nder jokkorgal, e citation ñalngu binnduɗo oo e app lamear bo jokkorgal . E nder ɗeeɗoo geɗe ɗiɗi kala, ciimtol nder binndol ina firta doggol alkule gonɗe e joofnirde ɓataake oo e nder feccere References.
Fedde ganndal politik Amerik ina yaltina winndannde politik e style guide ngam binndanɗe e nder ndeeɗoo fannu. Sifaa oo ina ɓadii CMOS.
Fedde Anturopoloji Amerik huutoriima mbaydi kesiri ndi Chicago Style holliri e nder Guide to Publication Style.
Sifaa ASA mo Fedde Sosiyoloji Amerik ina jeyaa e sifaaji ɓurɗi huutoreede e binndol sosiyoloji .

Tiitooɗe

E nder wiɗto maɓɓe ciimtol e nder jaayɗe janngirɗe e fannu jokkondiral, Michael Bugeja e Daniela V. Dimitrova njiyti wonde ciimtol e nder lowre internet ina waawi ustaade no feewi (hono no kelle cifaaɗe ɗee njiytirtee nii), ko ɗum ɓe mbiyata "feccere nguurndam", ko ɗum waɗi humpitooji e nder ɗeen jaayndeeji ina pamɗi faamde e nder sahaa.

Annduɓe woɗɓe njiyti wonde binndanɗe bayyinaaɗe ɗee ngalaa ciimtol no binndi asliiji ɗii nii.

Haala goɗka teeŋtuka ko majjere citation, nde heewi arde ko e ŋakkeende hakkille to bannge wiɗtoowo walla to bannge bayyinoowo jaaynde e nder golle bayyinaango. Annduɓe ɓee njiytii wonde reentaade ko yaawi, ko wayi no jokkondirde e binnduɗo lowre cifaande ndee ko fayti e ciimtol laaɓtungol, ina usta ŋakkeende ciimtol, ɗum noon ina ɓeyda moƴƴere wiɗto ngoo.

Wiɗtooji kollitii wonde batte kaayitaaji ina mbaawi, e nder heen, saabaade geɗe gonɗe dow ɗee, wonaa tan e nafoore jaŋde kaayitaaji ɗii. Geɗe keertiiɗe e fannuuji ina keewi limteede e nder miijo wonaa tan so en ƴeewtindiima fannuuji ceertuɗi, e ko ɓuri teeŋtude, so en ƴeewtindiima fannuuji wiɗtooji ceertuɗi e nder fannu gooto. Yeru, e nder safaara, e nder geɗe goɗɗe, limoore winndooɓe, limoore tuugnorgal, njuuteendi binndanɗe, e woodgol mawɗo e nder tiitoonde ina mbaawi battinde e batte mum ; so tawii noon e nder ganndal hakkille, limoore tuugnorgal, njuuteendi ɓataake, e njuuteendi tiitoonde ina njeyaa e ko addani ɗum.

Famde wonde citation ko metrik caɗtuɗo kono ko huunde himmunde wonande annduɓe. Ɓe kollitii laabi joy ngam moƴƴinde limgol ciimtol ngol : (1) ƴeewde njuuteendi tiitoonde e binndol ; (2) hollirde njeñtudi ko yaawi ko wayi no naatgol ; (3) reenaade siftinde leydi e nder tiitoonde, ɓanndu, walla nate ; (4) jokkondirde winndannde ndee e humpitooji ballitooji e nder bibliografi ; e (5) reenaade bonnuɓe e tiitoonde binndanɗe wiɗto ɗee.

Ina anndaa kadi wonde jikkuuji winndooɓe e gollotooɓe jaayndeeji ina toɗɗii. Ngolɗoo jikku. ina wiyee citation effect, ina wiyee kadi ina jeyaa heen hay jaayɗe mawɗe. Haa teeŋti noon, jaayɗe mawɗe cafrirɗe, ko wayi no, The Lancet, JAMA, e, The New England Journal of Medicine, ina cikka ina njokkondiri e ngalɗoo jikku, sibu fotde 30% e ciimtol ngol e nder ɗeen jaayɗe ko yeeynorɗe miijooji peeñnini ɗum en. To bannge goɗɗo oo, feere citation bias ina ɓeydoo. Ina siforee no pelle winndooɓe cifotooɗe ko ɓuri laaɓtude e pelle winndooɓe goɗɗe gollotooɗe e huunde wootere.

Ƴeew kadi

Teskorɗe

Himobe

↑ The field of Communication (or Communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often The Publication Manual of the APA (American Psychological Association); designated for short as "APA style".

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[1] The field of Communication (or Communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often The Publication Manual of the APA (American Psychological Association); designated for short as "APA style".

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