Wood

Leɗɗe ko ƴiye gonɗe e nder ƴiye e ƴiye leɗɗe e leɗɗe goɗɗe. Ko huunde organik – ko huunde nde alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa fiɓnde sellulose tiiɗnde e nder ɓuuɓri, ina ɓuuɓna e nder matriks lignin mo haɗata ɓuuɓri. Leɗɗe ina cifaa sahaa e sahaa fof ko xylem ɗiɗaɓo tan e nder ƴiye leɗɗe,[1] walla ko ɓuri yaajde ngam naatde e sifaa gonɗo e ƴiye ɗee e nokkuuji goɗɗi, ko wayi no e nder ƴiye leɗɗe walla ƴiye. E nder lekki guurki ina waɗa golle ballitooje, ina addana leɗɗe leɗɗe mawnude walla daraade e koye mum en. Kadi ina nawta ndiyam e ñamri hakkunde leɗɗe, ƴiye goɗɗe mawɗe, e ɗaɗi. Leɗɗe ina mbaawi kadi firtude geɗe leɗɗe goɗɗe jogiiɗe sifaaji nannduɗi, e geɗe baɗaaɗe e leɗɗe, e ƴiye leɗɗe, walla e fiɓnde.

Leɗɗe ina kuutoree gila e duuɓi ujunnaaje ngam waɗde petroŋ, ko wayi no mahngo, ngam waɗde kuutorɗe e kaɓirɗe, mobelaaji e kaayitaaji. Ko ɓuri jooni, nde yalti ko e mbaydi peewnugol sellulose laaɓtuɗo e ko nanndi heen, ko wayi no selofaan e asetaat sellulose.

Haa e hitaande 2020, ɓeydagol laddeeji e nder winndere ndee ko hedde 557 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo.[2] Ko ɗum huunde heewnde, nde aldaa e karbon[3], geɗe leɗɗe ina njogii nafoore mawnde e nder semmbeeji kesi. E hitaande 2008, ko ina tolnoo e 3,97 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo leɗɗe ƴettaa.[2] Kuutoragol ɓurngol mawnude ko ngam mahngo mobelaaji e mahaaɗe.[4]

Leɗɗe ina njanngee e wiɗteede e ganndal rewrude e fannu ganndal leɗɗe, puɗɗinooɗo gila e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire.

Tariya

Yiytugol hitaande 2011 to diiwaan Kanadaa biyeteeɗo New Brunswick hollitii leɗɗe ɓurɗe anndeede ina njibina leɗɗe, ko ina wona duuɓi 395 haa 400 miliyoŋ jooni.[5][6]

Leɗɗe ina mbaawi dañeede e date karbon e nder won e tagooje e dendrokronologie ngam anndude nde huunde leɗɗe tagiraa.

Yimɓe ina kuutoroo leɗɗe ko ina wona duuɓi ujunnaaje ngam waɗde geɗe keewɗe, ko wayi no waɗde heen geɗel gootel, walla waɗde heen geɗe mahngo ngam waɗde galleeji, kuutorɗe, kaɓirɗe, mobelaaji, paaspooruuji, golle naalankaagal, e kaayitaaji. Pewnugol anndaangol kuutortoongol leɗɗe ina yahra e duuɓi ujunnaaje sappo. Mahdiiji bana cuuɗi juutɗi nder Orop Neolitik ɓuri waɗugo bee leɗɗe.

Kuutoragol leɗɗe ko ɓooyaani koo ɓeydaama sabu ɓeydugol njamndi e njamndi e nder mahdi.[7]

Feere hitaande e hitaande e njaajeendi leɗɗe e keewal isotopeeji ina rokka humpitooji ko faati e weeyo ɓurngo heewde e sahaa nde lekki taƴaa.[8]

Sifaaaji ɓalli

Ringooji mawnugol

Ƴeew kadi: Dendrokronoloji § Ringeeji mawnugol

Leɗɗe, e maanaa laaɓtuɗo, ko leɗɗe, ɗe ɓeydotoo njaajeendi mum en e mbaydi, hakkunde leɗɗe gonɗe ɗee e ɓalndu ndernderiiru nduu, leɗɗe kese ɗe ɓuuɓnata ƴiye ɗee fof, caɗeele guurɗe, e ɗaɗi ɗii. Ngolɗoo laawol ina anndaa ko mawnugol ɗiɗmol ; ko ɗum batte feccere ƴiiƴam e nder kammbiyum ƴiiƴam, meristem lateral, e yaajde ƴiiƴam kesam caggal ɗuum. Ɗeen ɓoccooɗe noon njahata ko e waɗde ɓoccooɗe ɓoccooɗe ɗiɗmere tiiɗɗe, ɗe ɓuri heewde ko sellulose, hemiselulose e lignin.

Ɗo ceertugol hakkunde yontaaji ɗii seerti, p.m. Nuwel Selannde, mawnugol ina waawi waɗde e nder hitaande walla e sahaaji ceertuɗi, addana ɗum cirƴam mawnugol ; ɗiin ɓuri waawde yiyeede ko e joofnirde leggal, kono kadi ina njiyee e dow ŋoral goɗɗal ngal. So tawii ceertugol hakkunde yontaaji ko hitaande (hono no woniri e nokkuuji ekuwatoor, yeru Singapuur), ɗeen cirƴe mawnugol ina mbiyaa cirƴe hitaandeeje. Ɗo seerndi yontaaji seeɗa, cirƴe mawnugol ina gasa tawa ina ceerti walla ina ŋakki. So tawii ɓalndu lekki kii ittaama e nokku keeriiɗo, ina gasa tawa cirƴam ɗam ina ustoo nde lekki kii mawni e ɓuuɓri ndii.

So tawii won ceertugol e nder cirƴam mawnugol, ndeen feccere cirƴam mawnugol ɓurɗam ɓadaade hakkunde lekki kii, tawa ina waɗi ko adii nde mawnugol ngol yaawi, ina heewi wonde geɗe ɓurɗe yaajde. Ko heewi heen ko ɓuuɓde e mbaydi saraaji feccere yaajnde cirƴam ɗam, ina anndiree leɗɗe puɗɗiiɗe walla leɗɗe ɓuuɓɗe. Feccere yaajnde nde sosaa caggal nde ndunngu nguu, ndeen ina anndiree leɗɗe late walla summerwood.[9] Ina waɗi ceertugol mawngol, fawaade e sifaa leɗɗe. So lekki mawnii nguurndam mum fof e nder weeyo, tawa ngonka leydi e nokku ina wayloo, ina waɗa mawnugol mum ɓurngol yaawde e nder cukaagu, ina ustoo seeɗa seeɗa. Ringooji mawnugol hitaande kala ina keewi duuɓi keewɗi, kono caggal ɗuum ina ɓeydoo famɗude. Nde tawnoo kala cirƴal jogorngal arde ina lelnee e yaasi leɗɗe ɗe njiylotoɗen ko adii, ina rewi heen wonde so lekki ina ɓeyda peewnugol leɗɗe mum hitaande e hitaande, cirƴe ɗee ina poti ɓeydaade ɓuuɓde no feewi nde ƴiiƴam ɗam ɓeydotoo yaajde. So lekki ina yettoo mawnugol, taƴre mum ina ɓeydoo udditaade, kadi peewnugol leɗɗe hitaande kala ina ustoo, ɗum noon ina ɓeydoo ustude njaajeendi cirƴe mawnugol. E nder leɗɗe laddeeji ko heewi fawii ko e pottital leɗɗe ɗee e nder hare mum en ngam heɓde annoore e ñamri haa sahaaji mawnugol jaawngol e leelngol ina mbaawi waylude. Won e leɗɗe, ko wayi no ƴiye fuɗnaange, ina njogii njaajeendi cirƴam gootam fotde teemedde duuɓi. E nder ɗuum, so lekki ina ɓeydoo mawnude e njaajeendi, njaajeendi cirƴam mawnugol ina ustoo.

Nokkuuji

E nder limgol leɗɗe e leɗɗe mbaylaandi, jokkere enɗam ina renndinee fawaade e mbaadi mum, mawneeki mum, cellal mum, e tiiɗnaare mum e nokku mum. Ndee tiiɗnaare ina toɗɗii, e nder geɗe goɗɗe, njuuteendi sahaa mo caltal ngal maayi, tawi ƴiye jokkondirɗe ɗee ina njokki e mawnude