Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra

Juulirde
Golle imaaɗe	1199
Founded by	Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Lesdi	Hinndi
Nder laamoore	Ajmer district
Jonde kwa'odineto	26°27′19″N 74°37′30″E
Heritage designation	Monument of National Importance

Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (e ɗemngal "balɗe 21⁄2") ko juulirde taariindi e nder wuro Ajmer to Rajasthan, leydi Inndo. Ko ɗum jeyi e juulirɗe ɓurɗe ɓooyde e nder leydi Indiya, kadi ko kañum woni monimaaji ɓurɗi ɓooyde e Ajmer.

Ko Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak yamiri ɗum e hitaande 1192 caggal Iisaa, Abuu Bakr mo Herat waɗi ɗum, juulirde ndee ko yeru e mahngo adanngo Indo-Islaam. Sifaa oo timminaa ko e hitaande 1199 caggal Iisaa, Iltutmish mo Delhi ɓeydi ɗum e hitaande 1213 caggal Iisaa. Yeru gadano e mahdi Indo-Islaam, ko ɓuri heewde e mahdi ndii ko mason en Hindu en mahi ɗum en, e les njiimaandi ardiiɓe Afganistaan. Juulirde ndee ina joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e sifaaji asliiji Inndo, haa teeŋti e dow pillars ornatif.

Koolol ngol huutortenoo ko juulirde haa hitaande 1947. Caggal nde leydi Inndo heɓi jeytaare mum, ngolɗoo laawol waɗtaa e juuɗe cirkel Jaipur ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) ngol, hannde ngol yimɓe diineeji kala ina njilloyoo ngol, ko yeru moƴƴo e a... mix e mahdiiji Inndo, Hindu, Juulɓe e Jain.

Etimoloji

"Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra" firti ko "ɓuuɓri balɗe ɗiɗi e feccere". Faccirooji e inɗe goɗɗe ina njeyaa heen Arhai Din ka Jhompra walla Dhai Din ki Masjid. Lefol ngol hollitii wonde feccere e juulirde ndee mahaa ko e nder balɗe ɗiɗi e feccere (ƴeew # Waylude juulirde les ɗoo). Won e suufiyankooɓe ina mbiya wonde innde ndee ina hollita nguurndam neɗɗo e dow leydi ko juuti.[1]

E wiyde ASI, ina gasa tawa innde ndee ummorii ko e fedde balɗe ɗiɗi e feccere, nde meeɗnoo waɗeede e nokku hee.[2] Jannguɗo leydi Inndo biyeteeɗo Har Bilas Sarda hollitii wonde innde «Adhai-Din-ka-Jhonpra» ndee haalaaka e deftere daartol gootol. Ko adii teeminannde 18ɓiire, jumaa oo anndiranoo tan ko "Masjid" ("juulirde"), nde tawnoo ko kañum tan woni juulirde Ajmer e nder teeminanɗe. Nde anndiraa ko jhonpra ("shed" walla "hut") nde fakir en puɗɗii hawrude ɗoo ngam mawninde urs (feere ñalngu maayde) hooreejo maɓɓe Panjaba Shah. Ɗum waɗi ko e yonta Maratha, e feccere ɗimmere teeminannde 18ɓiire. Urs oo waɗii balɗe ɗiɗi e feccere, ɗum addani juulirde ndee innde hannde ndee.[3][4]

Alexander Cunningham siftini mahdi ndii ko "Juulirde mawnde Ajmer".

Tariya

Sifaa ko adii Lislaam

Piilngal mbaydi Hindu-Jain

Nokku juulirde ndee wonnoo ko e fuɗɗoode ina joginoo mbaydi ngoɗndi. E wiyde aadaaji Jain en, ndeeɗoo mahdi ko Seth Viramdeva Kala mahi ɗum e hitaande 660 caggal Iisaa, ko nokku teskinɗo Jain ngam mawninde Panch Kalyanaka.[3] Seedeeji epigaraafi ina kollita wonde nokku oo ina joginoo galle kolees Sanskrit mo Vigraharaja IV (ina wiyee Visaladeva), laamɗo laamu Shakambhari Chahamana (Chauhan) yamiri. Mahdi adanndi ndii ko mbaydi kareeli, ina waɗi tower-chhatri (pavillon mbaydi dome) e kala ŋoral.[5][6] Temple keeriiɗo Sarasvati ina woni bannge hirnaange. Alluwal 1153 tawaama e nokku hee e teeminannde 19ɓiire ; tuugnaade e ɗuum, ina waawi siforeede wonde mahdi adanndi ndii ina foti wonde ko adii hitaande 1153 caggal Iisaa.[3]

Ko heddii e mahdi hannde ndii ina hollita sifaaji Hindu e Jain. E wiyde KDL Khan, kaɓirɗe mahdi ɗee ƴettaa ko e juulirɗe Hindu e Jain.[1] E wiyde Caterina Mercone Maxwell e Marijke Rijsberman, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Sanskrit ko duɗal Jain, kaɓirɗe mahdi ɗee ƴettaa ko e cuuɗi hindu en.[7] Direkteer ASI Alexander Cunningham miijii wonde pillars kuutorteeɗi e nder mahdi ndii ina gasa tawa ko e 20–30 cuuɗi Hindu mbonɗi, tawi ina waɗi ko famɗi fof 700 pillars e nder heen. Tuugnaade e binndi pillar, o joofniri ko wonde ɗeen cuuɗi asliiji ko e teeminannde 11ɓiire walla 12ɓiire caggal Iisaa. Alexander Cunningham ɓeydi heen siftinde Lietnaa-kolonel laamu Angalteer biyeteeɗo James Tod, njilluɗo juulirde ndee, e nder ciimtol ngol. Tod wiyiino wonde mahdi ndii fof ina waawi wonde e fuɗɗoode ko suudu dewal Jain.[8]

Waylude ɗum juulirde

Mahdi arandeeri ndin, Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak mo Delhi, waɗi ɗum juulirde, e darorɗe teeminannde 12ɓiire. E wiyde lefol nokku oo, caggal nde o fooli ɓiy-yumma Vigraharaja biyeteeɗo Prithviraja III e wolde ɗiɗmere Tarain, Muhammadu mo Ghor rewi ko Ajmer. Ko ɗoon o yiyi templeeji mawɗi ɗii, o yamiri seneraal maccuɗo makko biyeteeɗo Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak yo halku ɗi, o mah jumaa – ɗum fof ko e nder waktuuji 60 (ɗum woni balɗe 2+½). Arsaneeɓe ɓee mbaawaano mahde juulirde timmunde e nder waktuuji 60, kono ɓe mahii koɗorɗe brik ɗo Ghori waawi juulde. E darorɗe teeminannde ndee, jumaa timmuɗo mahii.[1]

Mihrab hakkundeejo nder juulirde nde ina waɗi binndi kollitooji ñalngu timminoore juulirde ndee. Nde winndaa ko Jumaada II hitaande 595 hijriijo (abriil 1199 Iisaa). Ko ɗum waɗi jumaa oo ina jeyaa e ɓurɗe ɓooyde e nder leydi Indiya, kadi ko jumaa ɗiɗaɓo mo mamluk en Delhi mahi (juulirde adannde ndee ko jumaa Quwwat-ul-Islam). Binndi goɗɗi, ñalɗi Dhu al-Hijjah 596 H (Seeɗto–Oktoobar 1200 caggal Iisaa), ina inniri Abuu Bakr ibn Ahmed Khalu Al-Hirawi ko gardiiɗo mahdi ndii.[9] Ɗuum waɗi Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra ina jeyaa e juulirɗe ɓurɗe ɓooyde e nder leydi Indiya,[10] kadi ko kañum woni monimaaji ɓurɗi ɓooyde e Ajmer.[11]

Iltutmish, lomto Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak, caggal ɗuum ɓamti juulirde ndee e hitaande 1213 caggal Iisaa, e mahdi ekran ɓuuɓndi e arkeeji ɓuuɓɗi — ko adii fof e nder leydi Indiya.[2] Binndi e dow arc hakkundeejo ekran oo kam e binndi ɗiɗi minaret worgo ina waɗi innde makko. Arc ɗiɗaɓo ummoraade e fuɗnaange ina inniri gooto e Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Arid ko gardiiɗo mahdi ndii.[9]

Wiɗto arkewolosi e moƴƴitingol

Juulirde ndee wayi ko no laamɓe caggal ɓee njejjiti ɗum nii. Nde tawaaka siftorde e nder Taj-ul-Maasir, daartol gadanol laamu Mamluk. Kadi haalaaka e defte Khalji, Tughlaq Lodi e Mughal. Ardiiɗo Maratha Daulat Rao Sindhia (1779–1827) artiri dome hakkundeejo mahdi ndii, o haɗi ittude kaaƴe e nder mahdi ndii. Binndol ngol Saavan 1866 VS (1809 CE) ina wasiyoo Hindu en e juulɓe yo ngoppu kaaƴe e nder galle ɓooyɗo oo.[3]

E hitaande 1818, Ajmer naati e laamu Sosiyetee. James Tod yilliima juulirde ndee e hitaande 1819, o siftini nde e nder deftere mum Annals e Antiquities of Rajasthan wonde “gooto e ɓurɗe timmude e kadi ɓurnde ɓooyde e mahdi Hindu.” Caggal ɗuum, Alexander Cunningham, gardiiɗo wiɗto arkewolosi leydi Indiya (ASI) ƴeewtii mahdi ndii e hitaande 1864, o siftini ndi e ciimtol ASI e ndeen hitaande.[3] Tod ina sikki wonde mbaydi adanndi ndii ko suudu Jain. Kono Cunningham hollitii wonde ɗum waawaa sellude, sibu pillirɗe e nder galle hee ina mbaɗi nate keewɗe juuɗe nay (sifaa laamɓe hindu en) ko jiidaa e nate laamɗo hindu en biyeteeɗo Kali.[8]

E nder wiɗto arkewolosi 1875–76, binndi jowitiiɗi e kolees Sanskrit njiytaa e nder galle juulirde ndee.[12] Seppooji keewɗi e alluuje basalt (slabs) 6 Devanagari keɓtinaama e nokku hee. Ɗee geɗe ina kollitee hannde to galle mooftirɗo Ajmer.[1] Tablooji ɗii ko nii siforii:[3]

Alluwal 1 e 2 ina njogii pecce mawɗe e pijirlooji Sanskrit biyeteeɗi Lalita-Vigraharaja Nataka. Ko Mahakavi Somadeva winndi nde, ngam teddinde laamɗo biyeteeɗo Vigraharaja. Pijirlooji ɗii, no remo Lorenz Franz Kielhorn moofti ɗum e pecce ɗee, ina hollita daartol laamɗo biyeteeɗo Vigraharaja. Ina haalee e giɗli makko e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Desaldevi, e peewnugol hare makko e laamɗo Turushka (Turki) biyeteeɗo Hammir.

Alluwal 3 e 4 ina njogii pecce Harakeli Nataka, pijirlooji ɗi Vigraharaja e hoore mum siforii. Pijirlooji ɗii mbinndaa ko e teddungal laamɗo biyeteeɗo Hara (Shiva). Ko ɗum woni ko Bharavi winndi e ɗemngal Sanskrit biyeteeɗo Kiratarjuniya. Pijirlooji ɗii ko ñalnde 22 noowammbar 1153 e nder binndol.

Alluwal 5 ina waɗi geɗe jimɗi Sanskrit ɗi ngalaa tiitoonde, ina yetta devas (laamɓe) keewɗi. Laamɗo cakkitiiɗo mo limtaa e nder jimɗi ɗii ko Surya (laamɗo naange). Yimre ndee hollitii wonde laamu Chahamana (Chauhan) iwdi ko e Surya (ƴeew Suryavanshi).

Alluwal 6 ina waɗi pecce prashasti (mantugol) laamɓe Chahamana Ajmer. Binndol ngol hollitii wonde laamɗo Ajaideva umminii hoɗorde mum to Ajmer, o fooli laamɗo Naravarma mo Malwa. Caggal nde o rokki ɓiyiiko jappeere laamu, o ƴetti Vanaprastha (pension) e nder ladde Pushkar. Ɓiyiiko faarnii Ajmer e ƴiiƴam Turushka en (leñol Turki) e nanngi kulle laamɓe Malwa. Binndol ngol ina siftina kadi innde "Kumar Pal", kono alaa ko waawi yaltineede e ndee innde sabu geɗe ŋakkuɗe.

Tablooji ɗi pijirlooji ɗii mbaɗi ɗii ko Bhaskar, ɓiy Mahipati e taaniiko Govinda, jeyaaɗo e galle mawɓe Huna, winndi ɗum en.[3]

Binndi Devanagari goɗɗi ina tawee e dow ŋoral marbere e nder balkon damal naatirde. Nde winndi njillu Dharma, mason Bundi e nder hitaande 1462 (1405) e laamu Rana Mokal.[3]

E laamu Viceroy Lord Mayo, hakkunde 1875 e 1878 CE, peewnugol njuɓɓudi ndii waɗii e njoɓdi ₹ 23,128. Restoraasiyoŋ goɗɗo, mo 7 538 ₹ waɗi ko e hitaande 1900–1903, e gardagol komisariyaajo Ajmer-Merwara ALP Tucker.[3] Arkewolooji ASI Alexander Cunningham e D. R. Bhandarkar mbaɗii moƴƴitingol mahdi ndii e feccere adannde e teeminannde 20ɓiire.[1] Cunningham hollitii wonde alaa mahaande woɗnde jogiinde nafoore taariindi walla arkewolosi e nder leydi Indiya ɓurnde fotde hisneede.[5]

Mahdi

Feere mahdi ndii

Juulirde ndee ina jeyaa e yeruuji gadani e mahngo Indo-Islaam. Feewni nde ko Abuu Bakri mo Herat, arsitekto jahduɗo e Muhammadu Ghori. Juulirde ndee ko mason en Hindu en mahi ɗum en, e dow ballal ardiiɓe Afganistaan.[1]

Juulirde ndee ɓuri juulirde Quwwat-ul-Islam to Delhi mawnude no feewi. Yaasi suudu nduu ko mbaydi kaaree, bannge fof ina waɗi 259 meeteer.[8] Dame ɗiɗi woodi, wootere haa fombina, goɗɗum haa fuunaaŋgeere. Nokku juulde (juulirde tigi-rigi) woni ko bannge hirnaange, bannge worgo ina hucciti e haayre tufnde. Mahdi juulirde tigi-rigi bannge hirnaange ina waɗi cuuɗi 10 e 124 piilndi ; bannge fuɗnaange ko 92 piilndi; e 64 piilndi banngeeji keddiiɗi ɗii kala. Nii woni, ina waɗi 344 piilngal e nder galle oo fof.[8] E nder ɗeen, ko 70 piilngal tan heddii jooni.[3] Ina waɗi njaajeendi kaaree, fotde 80 m (260 ft). Pilaaruuji toowɗi e ɓutti ɗii keewaani kadi ɗi ngoni e nder galle ɗii ina mbaɗee simmetiri. Sanɗaare ndee ina waɗi 43 m (141 meeteer) e 12 m (39 meeteer). Mihrab oo ina mahaa e kaaƴe daneeje. Ina sikkaa wonde Iltumish ɓeydii ekranuuji arc jeeɗiɗi ɗii e hitaande 1230, ko ɗum sikkaa ko huunde ɓurnde maantinde e juulirde ndee to bannge mahdi. Arc mawɗo hakkundeejo oo ina wondi e minaareeji ɗiɗi tokoosi ɓuuɓɗi.[13]

Pilaaruuji arkade

Ceerno arkade

Arke Mihrab

Laabi naatgol

Fasaad yeeso suudu nduu ina waɗi ekran mawɗo, ina waɗi arkeeji kaaƴe boɗeeje, mahaaɗe e laamu Iltutmish. Arc mawɗo oo ina tolnoo e 60 meeteer toowɗo, ina taarii ɗum arcuuji jeegom tokoosi. Arches ina njogii panneeji tokoosi njuuteendi ngam yahdude e ñalawma, nannduɗi e ɗi tawaa e juulirɗe aarabeeɓe adannde. Arcway oo ina waɗi binndi Kufic e Tughra e ciimtol Quraan, ina siftina kadi mahngo lislaam ummoriiɗo Ghazni e Turkistan. Won e nate ɗee ina mbaɗi nate puɗi e leɗɗe Arabesque ; simmetiri maɓɓe joometiri ina siftina golle tile Perse. Filigree maɓɓe ina seernda ɓe e nate mbaylaandi Hindu e nder galle gooto. Patterns Hindu en nanndi e ko yiytaa e nder cuuɗi teeminannde 10ɓiire to Nagda e teeminannde 11ɓiire to Sas-Bahu to Gwalior.[1][9] John Fletcher Hurst, jahoowo Ameriknaajo e teeminannde 19ɓiire, siftinii ekran oo wonde "gemngal mawngal e nder winndere Mohammedan ndee kala."[14]

Nate mbaylaandi e binndi kuufi

Motif puɗi

Arches e binndi ummoraade e Quraan

Koɗorɗe ekran dekoraasiyoŋ

Binndi e dow mahol ekran

Nder suudu nduu ko ŋorol nay, fotde 200 × 175 meeteer. Ina waɗi galle mawɗo oo (248 × 40 meeteer) ballitooɗo cloisters pillars.[8] Pilaaruuji ɗii ina njogii diidi ceertuɗi, ina pawee no feewi, ina nanndi e cuuɗi kaaƴe Hindu e Jain. Eɗe njogii baaseeji mawɗi, eɗe taper so ɗe ƴellitii e tooweeki. E wiyde K.D.L. Khan, pillars e cuuɗi ɗii ko e mbaydi ko adii Islaam, kono ko juulɓe mbonni nate asliije ɗee.[1] Michael W. Meister ina sikki won e pilli ɗii ko mason en hindu en mbaɗi kesi ngam joom mum en juulɓe ; ɗiin kawri ko e pilli ɓooyɗi, loppitaaɗi (ɗi natal mum en mbonni). Ko noon kadi, o hollitii wonde ceŋorɗe ɗee ina kawri e golle kese e ɓooyɗe ɗe gollotooɓe hindu en mbaɗata.[9]

Towereeji muazzin ɗii ngoni ko e minaareeji tokoosi ɗiɗi (10,5 njaajeendi). Ɗeeɗoo minaareeji ina tawee e dow ŋoral ekran 11,5 meeteer. Minareeji ɗii jooni ko bonɗi, kono heddiiɓe e majji ina kollita wonde ɗi ngonnoo ko e cuuɗi ɓuuɓɗi, ɗi 24 ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓɗi, hono no ɗi ngoniri e Qutb Minar to Delhi nii.[8]

Alexandre Cunningham yetti mahngo juulirɗe Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra e Quwwat-ul-Islam e konnguɗi ɗii:[8]

E nder cuusal diisnondiral, e mawngu miijo, ko ina wona tawa ko sabu ganndal mahoowo lislaam, ɗeen juulirɗe ɗiɗi teskinɗe ɗe Muhammadan en adanɓe Inndonaaɓe ɓuri tan ko toowde toownde Katedraaluuji Kerecee’en. Kono e nder 6uu6ol 6urngol yoocfde e pawdi, e nder ngalu belngu e 6uu6ol, e nder 6uu6ol 6uu6ol ngol alaa keerol, e nder 6uu6ol 6urngol yoocfde, e nder 6uu6ol 6uu6ol golle, cfuum fof ko sabu mason Hindu, mi sikkaani so tawii cfii cficfi juulirɗe mawɗe Inndo ina mbaawi haɓaade mahaaɗe ɓurɗe teddude ɗe aduna oo feewni haa jooni.

Ko noon kadi, daartoowo mahdi Ecoppinaajo biyeteeɗo James Fergusson wiyi :[5][15]

Yeruuji dekoraasiyoŋ dowri, ɗii juulirɗe ɗiɗi Altumush to Delhi e Ajmir ina gasa tawa ngalaa ko nanndi heen. Alaa ko woni e Kayhayɗi walla e Perse ko nii laaɓti e detal, hay huunde e Espaañ walla Siri waawaa ɓadtaade ɗe ngam ŋarɗugol dekoraasiyoŋ dowri.

Dammugal

Niise

Dome nder

Minaare

Koɗorɗe

Arkade Ppiilndi

Piilngal Arkade

Hannde, nokku oo ina yilloyoo yimɓe diineeji kala, ko ɗum yeru moƴƴo e jillondiral mahdiiji Inndo, Hindu, Juulɓe e Jain.[16]

Tuugnorgal

K.D.L. Khan (2 suwee 2007). "Ajmer's adhai din ka jhonpra". Spektoor Tribun oo. Kanndigarh.

"Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra". Wiɗto arkewolosi leydi Indiya. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 2016.

Har Bilas Sarda (1911). "Adhaay-din-ka-Jhonpra". Ajmer: Daartol e Sifaa. Misiyoŋ Ecoppi. pp. 68-74.

J. L. Mehta. Renndo E Pinal Indiya Medieval. Vol. 3. Kosam ɗam. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-207-0432-9. ...Adhai din ko Jhompra to Ajmer ko kanko mahi ɗum e geɗe cuuɗi hindu en mbonni...masjid to Ajmer mahiraa ko e dow ŋoral kolees Sanskrit

Har bilas sarda (1935). Haalaaji E Binndi Har Bilas Sarda. Ajmer: Yantralaya veda. 256 haa 259.

(1999). Daartol e Sifaa Inndo ɓooyɗo. Jamanuuji kesi hakkunde leyɗeele. pp. 328 haa 334. ISBN 9788122411980.

Katerina Merkon Makswel e Marijke Rijberman (1994). "Ajmer". E nder Ring Trudy; Robeer M. Salkin e Sharon La Boda (mbaydi). Saggitorde winndereere nokkuuji daartol: Asii e Oseani. Taylor e Farayse. 21-22. ISBN 9781884964046.

Aleksanndere Kaninngam (hitaande 1871). Rajooji nayi baɗaaɗi e nder duuɓi, 1862-63-64-65. Vol. 2. Wiɗto arkewolosi leydi Indiya. 258 haa 263.

Mikayel W. Meyster (1972). "Juulirde ñalɗi ɗiɗi e feccere" (PDF). Naalankaagal Fuɗnaange. 18 (1): 57-63.

Betsi Ridge e Piyeer Erik Madsen (1973). Koolaaɗo kuuɓal yahooɓe to leydi Indiya. Binndoowo. p. 90. ISBN 9780684133362.

Daawuuda Ibraam (2003). Ardorde ɓuuɓnde to leydi Indiya. Ardiiɓe ɓuuɓɓe. p. 185. ISBN 9781843530893.

Finbar Barry Ilam (2008). Piety e Politik e nder juulirde Inndo adannde. Jaaynde jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-19-569512-0.

Desai, Ziyaud-Diin (2003). Juulirɗe leydi Indiya (5e ed.). New Delhi : Gardiiɗo diɗɗal bayyinaango, ministeer humpito e jaayɗe, laamu leydi Indiya. p. 21. ISBN 81-230-1001-X.

John F. Hurst (hitaande 1891). Indikaa. Leydi ndii e ɓesngu leydi Indiya e Ceylon. New York: Harper e banndiraaɓe. 726 haa 727.

Jak Ferguson (hitaande 1876). Daartol Arkitektuur e nder leyɗeele kala. Vol. 3. Yuhanna Muree. p. 513.

"Njuɓɓudi men - Ajmer". www.asijaapurcircle.nic.in. ASI (lowre laawɗunde). Heɓtinaama ñalnde 22 marse 2019.

Jokkondire yaajɗe

Jaayndeeji jowitiiɗi e Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra to Wikimedia Commons