Lola Álvarez Bravo
| Jinsu | debbum  |
|---|---|
| Ɓii-leydiyankaaku | Meksiko |
| Sooma | Dolores Concepción Martínez de Anda |
| Innde | Dolores |
| Innde ɓesngu | Álvarez, Bravo |
| Pseudonym | Lola Álvarez Bravo |
| Ɗuubi daygo | 3 Seeɗto 1903, 1907 |
| Ɗoforde | Lagos de Moreno |
| Date of death | 1993 |
| Place of death | Mexico City |
| Dee/goriiwo | Manuel Álvarez Bravo |
| Wolde | Spanish |
| Sana'aji | photographer |
| Janngi to | Escuela Nacional Preparatoria |
| Archives at | Center for Creative Photography |
| Represented by | Artists Rights Society |
| Copyright representative | reproduction right represented by CISAC-member |
| Copyright status as a creator | works protected by copyrights |
| Artist files at | Philadelphia Museum of Art Library and Archives, Smithsonian American Art and Portrait Gallery Library |
Lola Álvarez Bravo (3 abriil 1903 – 31 sulyee 1993) woni debbo Meksiknaajo gadano ƴettuɗo fotooje, kadi ko o neɗɗo teeŋtuɗo e nder renndo Meksik caggal njiimaandi. Anndaama e karallaagal makko toowngal e nder binndol, golle makko ina njiyee e banndiraaɓe makko no naalankaagal laaɓtungal nii. O anndiraama e hitaande 1964 e njeenaari ndi Dowla Jalisco rokki mo, sabu darnde makko e fotooje e darnde makko ngam hisnude pinal Meksik. Golle makko ina tawee e defte duumiiɗe e nder galleeji winndereeji, ina heen galle mooftirɗo ganndal hannde to wuro New York.
Álvarez jibinaa ko e wuro tokooso to Jalisco, kono o ummiima e wuro Meksik e baaba makko nde jibnaaɓe makko ceerti hedde hitaande 1906. Duuɓi sappo, o hoɗi e baaba makko e nder galle mawɗo, kono nde o maayi, feccere makko mawnde ƴetti mo -banndiraawo, nelduɗo mo internat. Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde aada, e hitaande 1922 o winnditii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, ɗo o hawri e sehil makko mo nguurndam mum fof woni, hono Frida Kahlo. Sehilaagal makko e sehil makko goɗɗo e cukaagu makko, hono Manuel Álvarez Bravo, fuɗɗii ko e giɗli hedde sahaa gooto, ɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe resndi ɗum en e hitaande 1925. Jom suudu makko jannginii mo fotooje, kam e karallaagal ƴellitaare, fotde duuɓi sappo, o woniino balloowo makko . Nde o yiɗi ƴeewtaade ko o tagi koo, o weltaaki e dewgal ngal, ɓe ceerti e hitaande 1934.
Fuɗɗoraade golle makko e jannginoowo, Álvarez ƴetti golle fotooje ngam jaayndeeji e jaayɗe, o ƴelliti innde makko e nder rewɓe fotooje tan gollotooɓe to wuro Meksik. O suɓii ko hollirde fannuuji ɗii e laaɓal, o feeñnina maanaa ɓurɗo luggiɗde e pinal e nafoore renndo, o wonaa e yiylaade golle jeewte. E hitaande 1935, o fuɗɗii catal fotooje e nder departemaa jaŋde, duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum o gollinaa ngam dogginde golle fotooje to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Meksik, ɗo o woni haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1971.
Gaagaa darnde makko e yeeyde e jaayndeyaagal fotooje, Álvarez ƴettii fotooje keewɗe e sehilaaɓe makko naalankooɓe, e hitaande 1951 o udditi Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Galle naalankaagal hannde) ngam ɓamtude golle maɓɓe. E hitaande 1953 to Galeria, o yuɓɓini koolol gootol golle Frida Kahlo yuɓɓinanoongol to Meksik e nder nguurndam naalanke oo. Gila e darorɗe kitaale 1970 haa e maayde makko e hitaande 1993, o dañii njeenaari winndereyankoori sabu ɓanndu golle makko. Arsiif makko fotooje ina tawee e nokku biyeteeɗo Centre pour la photographie créative to Tucson, to Arizona, to Amerik.
Nguurndam maako (1903-1927)
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Dolores Concepción Martínez de Anda,[1] anndiraaɗo Lola gila e cukaagu mum,[2] jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 abriil 1903[Teskorɗe 1] to Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Meksik, to Sara de Anda e Gonzalo Martínez, yeeyoowo mo... naalankaagal e mobelaaji naatnaaɗi. Jibnaaɓe makko ina nanndi e seertude nde o woni suka no feewi.[4][Tesko 2] Nde o heɓi duuɓi tati, baaba makko ƴetti Martínez e mawniiko gorko, hono Miguel, ngam hoɗde to Mexico City e nder wuro mawngo 28- suudu mawndu.[4] Gooto e sehilaaɓe miñiiko wonnooɓe saraaji mum, hono Manuel Álvarez Bravo, ina heewi arde e galle maɓɓe to Calle de Factor (hannde Calle de Allende).[9]
Gonzalo Martínez maayi ko e rafi ɓernde e hitaande 1916, nde o yahrata e ɓiyiiko debbo e nder oto.[10] Nde o sankii, Martínez ummii galle maɓɓe, hoɗi e miñi mum e debbo mum, e nder suudu wonndu to Calle de Santa Teresa (hannde Calle Guatemala). E yiɗde hoolkisaade wonde o wonta debbo jom hakkille e jom galle, debbo Miguel neldi[9] Martínez ngam timminde jaŋde aada to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Colegio del Sagrado Corazón.[8][11] Martínez weltaaki e cuɓagol makko, o yiɗi ko ɓuri ɗum, o wiyi "mi anndaa ko waɗi gila e cukaagu am, miɗo joginoo miijo wonde miɗo yiɗi waɗde huunde nde yimɓe fof mbaɗata. Ko ɓuri mi yiɗde e nguurndam am ko ɓe njamira mi e saraaji." e ɓe kaɗa ndimaagu am".[11] O yahi yeeso o janngi haa duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, o hawri e Frida Kahlo toon e hitaande 1922.[12] Rewɓe ɗiɗo ɓee mbaɗii sehilaagal tiiɗngal, nguurndam.[13] E nder ɗuum, jokkondiral makko e sehil makko cukaagu biyeteeɗo Manuel Álvarez, ƴellitii haa wonti giɗli. Ɓee ɗiɗo ina keewi yahde e laabi ina ƴeewa ŋarɗugol les ɓuuɓri e baasal wuro ngoo.[14]
E hitaande 1925, Martínez e Álvarez resndi, o ƴetti innde makko.[15] Ɓe ngummii Oaxaca, ɗo Manuel heɓi golle e nder Biro Konte Ngenndiijo,[14] e nder renndo naalankooɓe nokku oo.[2] E nder waktuuji maɓɓe mbelɗi, Manuel, jannguɗo fotooje nde o woni suka, janngini Álvarez no huutortoo kamera e ƴellitde filmo.[9][16] No ɓe mbaɗiri e wuro Meksik nii, ɓeen ɗiɗo ina njillondiri e laabi, kono jooni ɓe puɗɗiima winndude yahdu maɓɓe e fotooje.[9] Álvarez waɗi fotooje mum gadane to Oaxaca,[8][2] ɗe njiylotoo ko sifaa allegoric mo gorko mum ɓuri yiɗde. [12] Nde o heɓi reedu, ɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe pelliti hootde to Mexico City e hitaande 1927 ngam won’de sara nokkuuji safaara e ɓesngu. Ko ɗoon ɓiɗɗo maɓɓe gooto, hono Manuel Álvarez Bravo Martínez jibinaa.[17] Hay so tawii Manuel ina golloo haa jooni e Biro Konte Ngenndiije, ko juuti caggal jibineede ɓiyiiko, Manuelito, o woppi golle ngam jokkude golle fotooje.[14] Nde o ƴelliti yi’annde makko, o wonti weltaare tan e ƴellitde filmo gorko makko, caɗeele e nder dewgal ngal puɗɗii feeñde.[2][14]
Fuɗɗoode golle makko (1927-1934)
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]E hitaande 1927, ɓe udditi galle naalankaagal e nder galle maɓɓe, ɓe ɗiɗo fof kolliri fotooje e nate ɗe sehilaaɓe maɓɓe naalankooɓe mbaɗi, ina jeyaa heen David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera,[14] e Rufino Tamayo.[8] Manuel fuɗɗii ko e ƴettude yamiroore ngam waɗde pottitte e Álvarez walliti mo e nehde ɓiɗɗo maɓɓe.[17] E resde mo e golle tokoose, ko wayi no jillondirde kemikal e binndol, Manuel salii rokkude Álvarez waktuuji e kamera, kono o wasiyiima mo miijooji tiitoonde, o janngi karallaagal ngal.[18] E sahaa nde ko ɓuri heewde e fotooje jaayndeeji ina njiɗi waɗde nataluuji teskinɗi, Manuel janngini Álvarez yo woɗɗondir e fannuuji mum ngam nanngude ko woni e nder mum en.[19] O janngi kadi nate ɗe sehilaaɓe maɓɓe naalankooɓe kolliti e nder galle hee, o janngi ko fayti e composite.[14] E hitaande 1930, o heɓi kamera makko, nde Tina Modotti soodi Álvarez Graflex mum, ngam dañde kaalis ngam yaltude leydi ndi caggal nde giɗo Modotti biyeteeɗo Julio Antonio Mella waraa.[20] Nde e hitaande 1931, Manuel rafi no feewi, o timmini golle makko, o ardii galle oo ngam dañde nguurndam maɓɓe.[18]
E hitaande 1933, Álvarez hawri e Paul Strand, fotoowo Ameriknaajo, o anndi e mbaadi makko ko fannu foto-documentaire mo ɓuri welde e makko ko ɓuri fotooji jom suudu makko style.[12] O anndi fotooje ko daartol, binndol waylo-waylo renndo. O inniri kamera oo "yitere tataɓere", ko ɗum addani goonga e humpito fotoowo oo.[21] Ina jeyaa e golle makko gadane gila e oon sahaa, tiitoonde mum ko La Visitación (Njillu nguu), o ƴetti ko e njillu makko e Manuel e fotoowo Faraysenaajo biyeteeɗo Henri Cartier-Bresson. Ɓe tato ɓee njahiino to Isthmus Tehuantepec e natal Álvarez ngal rewɓe ɗiɗo ina ndarii e damal, nanngi cuusal ngal subalɓe ɓee ndokki hakkunde mum en.[22] So wonaa jimɗi ɗi gorko makko yiɗi,[12] walla nate ɗe Modotti ƴetti ɗe,[23] natal Álvarez ngal ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e maanaaji laaɓtuɗi nguurndam ñalnde kala ɗi kamera nanngi.[12][22] E hitaande 1934, o naati e fedde winndooɓe e naalankooɓe mbayliigu keso, kanko e Manuel e Emilio Amero, o sosi gooto e feddeeji ƴeewndorɗe sinemaaji ɓurɗi adii e nder leydi Meksik.[24] Nde style makko e yiɗde makko jogaade daande makko feeñi, jiiɓru hakkunde maɓɓe ɓeydii bonde e hitaande 1934, Álvarez ƴetti ɓiyiiko, seerti e Manuel,[2][25] hay so tawii ɓe ceertaani haa hitaande 1948.[2] E sahaa nde ɓe ceerti ndee, o tabitinii hoore makko ko fotoowo ganndo. Nde o heɓi golle e jaayɗe nokkuuje keewɗe,[26] o jokki innde Álvarez Bravo e nder golle makko.[11][16]
Golle hakkundeeje (1935-1971)
E nder galle María Izquierdo e hitaande 1935, sara Duɗal Ngenndiwal Naalankaagal,[8][12] Álvarez fuɗɗii golle ko jannginoowo naalankaagal to duɗal leslesal. Galle Maria wonti nokku ɗo annduɓe, naalankooɓe, e politikaaji kawrata e tawtoreede sosde mbaydi pinal Meksik ndi cifotoo yontaaji caggal rewolison.[27] O ƴetti kadi golle e nder jaayɗe bayɗe no Avance, Espacio, Futuro, Vea, e Voz,[2] o yaawi heɓde innde wonde jaayndiyanke fotooje ganndo.[12] O tawtoraama koolol makko gadanol e nder fedde e hitaande 1935, o holliri kolaaɗe ɗiɗi Surrealist to Departemaa Naalankaagal to Guadalajara.[28][29] Oon hitaande, o ƴetti golle to Departemaa Jaŋde catal fotooje.[2][8] O hawri e Lázaro Cárdenas, e oon sahaa jaagorgal jaŋde (caggal ɗuum hooreejo leydi Meksik), e dow fenaande, o naamnaa yo o fotoo. E weltaare golle makko, Cárdenas holliri fotooje makko yimɓe woɗɓe jogiiɓe semmbe, ɗum addani mo heɓde ballal e El Maestro Rural (Jannginoowo Ladde), jaaynde jannginoowo mawnde wonande sukaaɓe jannginooɓe.[2][30] Gollaade laawol makko dow laylaytol, o wonti fotoowo golloowo to El Maestro Rural[12], haa o dañi fotoowo mawɗo e nder jaaynde ndee.[30] Kuugal maako arandewal mawngal woni nder hitaande 1936 diga ekklessiya San Agustin ngam winndugo kuuje deftere.[31]
E hitaande 1937 Álvarez fuɗɗii golle fotoowo to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ngenndiwal Meksik (UNAM) to Duɗal Wiɗtooji Estetik.[8] O ƴetti fotooje ngam winndude nokkuuji arkewolosi, o yilliima nokkuuji keewɗi e nder leydi ndii.[32] Duuɓi joyi caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo departemaa fotooje to Direksiyoŋ Jeneraal Jaŋde Ekstraeskolar e Estétika, ɗo o woni ɗoo duuɓi 30 garooji ɗii.[8] O jannginii janngirɗe fotooje, o ardii golle e o yuɓɓini jeewte yah-ngartaa.[12] E oon sahaa gooto, Álvarez jokki golle mum e nder fotooje, o wonti debbo gooto tan golloowo e nder fannu oo e nder kitaale 1950 fof.[8] O fotnoo ko usineeji, gese, nokkuuji ɗo yiite ngoni, duɗe, opitaaluuji, e cuuɗi sukaaɓe e nder leydi Meksik fof ngam yahdude e binndanɗe jaayndeeji[33] e o ƴetti golle e nder fotooje jeeyngal e moodel. E nder waktuuji makko limtilimtinɗi, o waɗata ko natal sehilaaɓe e gollodiiɓe makko, kam e golle maɓɓe.[32]
Álvarez ina hollira e golle naalanke surrealist Meksiknaajo biyeteeɗo Juan Soriano e nder deftere mum Retrato de Lola Alvarez con Juan Soriano Niño Soriano. E nder golle Soriano ɓurɗe moƴƴude, Álvarez ina hollira wonde fotoowo oo e mbaydi reenoowo ina ndaara suka Soriano oo e dow windo mawngo ina ndaara asamaan nannduɗo e koyɗol, ɗo henndu boɗeejo e ɓuuɓndu ɓuri heewde.[34] O jarribii kadi karallaagal ko wayi no fotomontaas, nde foto gooto waawaa hollirde no haanirta nii nulal makko. E nder natal gootal, "Anarquía arquitectónica de la ciudad de México" (Anarki mahdi wuro Meksik), o fawi fotooje cuuɗi mawɗi ngam hollirde keewal yimɓe sabu urbanisaasiyoŋ.[25] E nder deftere woɗnde tiitoonde mum, El sueño de los pobres (Koyngal miskineeɓe), cukalel ɗaaniiɗo ina lelii tawa anndaaka les masiŋ keɓoowo kaalis, ko haala politik jowitiika e batte kapitaalisma e miskineeɓe. Natal asliwal ngal maa hollite caggal ɗuum e nder El sueño de los pobres 2 (Koyngal miskineeɓe 2). Álvarez maa artu e ngal ɗoon laawol e nder kitaale capanɗe tati e capanɗe joyi e nder mbaadi nate mawɗe ɗe njulaagu e juɓɓule keewɗe yamiri, ɗe puɗɗii ko e nate ceertuɗe ngam El Maestro Rural e nder kitaale capanɗe tati.[27] E hitaande 1939 o naati e suudu makko e nder galle Art Deco to Avenida Juarez kono e oon sahaa o sikkaano ko o naalanke hay so tawii ko e golle makko ɓennuɗe ɗee kala.[35]
E hitaande 1940, o haali ko fayti e keeri rewɓe e jikkuuji coktirgal hakkunde rewɓe e nder golle makko En su propia carcel (E nder kasoo makko), e mbaydiiji ina mbaɗa diidi e ɓanndu debbo, ina hollira e gite mum barmeeji kasoo. Rewɓe woɗɓe surrealist en kadi ina kaala ko fayti e ɗeen ɗoon sarɗiiji keertiiɗi e darnde rewɓe, ko wayi no Leonora Carrington, e nder golle mum Green Tea (La Dame Ovale), gila 1942, ɗo mbaadi debbo hakkundeejo wayi no reentaade e nder mbaydi jokkere enɗam.[36]. ]
E hitaande 1941, Álvarez fuɗɗii golle mum duuɓi 30, ko gardiiɗo fotooje to Duɗal Ngenndiwal Naalankaagal e Binndol (INBA).[37] Álvarez waɗii koolol mum gadanol naalankaagal keeringol e hitaande 1944, to Palacio de Bellas Artes[15] e sahaa gooto o ardii Pintores Jaliscienses (Pentuɓe Jalisco), kollitaaɗo kadi to Palacio ngam ɓamtude golle naalankooɓe ummoriiɓe e oon dowla. Ndee hiirde adannde rewi heen ko yeewtereeji keewɗi solo e fedde. E hitaande 1950, o renndini garaas, o waɗti ɗum galle ina waɗi jarne seppooji. Nde udditaa e dow laabi e lewru oktoobar arooru nduu, nde wiyetee Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Galle naalankaagal hannde).[8] Ko e nder ndeeɗoo galle e hitaande 1953, Álvarez hollitii tan kollirgol golle Frida Kahlo to Meksik yuɓɓinaaɗe
Golle hakkundeeje (1935-1971)
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]E nder galle María Izquierdo e hitaande 1935, sara Duɗal Ngenndiwal Naalankaagal,[8][12] Álvarez fuɗɗii golle ko jannginoowo naalankaagal to duɗal leslesal. Galle Maria wonti nokku ɗo annduɓe, naalankooɓe, e politikaaji kawrata e tawtoreede sosde mbaydi pinal Meksik ndi cifotoo yontaaji caggal rewolison.[27] O ƴetti kadi golle e nder jaayɗe bayɗe no Avance, Espacio, Futuro, Vea, e Voz,[2] o yaawi heɓde innde wonde jaayndiyanke fotooje ganndo.[12] O tawtoraama koolol makko gadanol e nder fedde e hitaande 1935, o holliri kolaaɗe ɗiɗi Surrealist to Departemaa Naalankaagal to Guadalajara.[28][29] Oon hitaande, o ƴetti golle to Departemaa Jaŋde catal fotooje.[2][8] O hawri e Lázaro Cárdenas, e oon sahaa jaagorgal jaŋde (caggal ɗuum hooreejo leydi Meksik), e dow fenaande, o naamnaa yo o fotoo. E weltaare golle makko, Cárdenas holliri fotooje makko yimɓe woɗɓe jogiiɓe semmbe, ɗum addani mo heɓde ballal e El Maestro Rural (Jannginoowo Ladde), jaaynde jannginoowo mawnde wonande sukaaɓe jannginooɓe.[2][30] Gollaade laawol makko dow laylaytol, o wonti fotoowo golloowo to El Maestro Rural[12], haa o dañi fotoowo mawɗo e nder jaaynde ndee.[30] Kuugal maako arandewal mawngal woni nder hitaande 1936 diga ekklessiya San Agustin ngam winndugo kuuje deftere.[31]
E hitaande 1937 Álvarez fuɗɗii golle fotoowo to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ngenndiwal Meksik (UNAM) to Duɗal Wiɗtooji Estetik.[8] O ƴetti fotooje ngam winndude nokkuuji arkewolosi, o yilliima nokkuuji keewɗi e nder leydi ndii.[32] Duuɓi joyi caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo departemaa fotooje to Direksiyoŋ Jeneraal Jaŋde Ekstraeskolar e Estétika, ɗo o woni ɗoo duuɓi 30 garooji ɗii.[8] O jannginii janngirɗe fotooje, o ardii golle e o yuɓɓini jeewte yah-ngartaa.[12] E oon sahaa gooto, Álvarez jokki golle mum e nder fotooje, o wonti debbo gooto tan golloowo e nder fannu oo e nder kitaale 1950 fof.[8] O fotnoo ko usineeji, gese, nokkuuji ɗo yiite ngoni, duɗe, opitaaluuji, e cuuɗi sukaaɓe e nder leydi Meksik fof ngam yahdude e binndanɗe jaayndeeji[33] e o ƴetti golle e nder fotooje jeeyngal e moodel. E nder waktuuji makko limtilimtinɗi, o waɗata ko natal sehilaaɓe e gollodiiɓe makko, kam e golle maɓɓe.[32]
Álvarez ina hollira e golle naalanke surrealist Meksiknaajo biyeteeɗo Juan Soriano e nder deftere mum Retrato de Lola Alvarez con Juan Soriano Niño Soriano. E nder golle Soriano ɓurɗe moƴƴude, Álvarez ina hollira wonde fotoowo oo e mbaydi reenoowo ina ndaara suka Soriano oo e dow windo mawngo ina ndaara asamaan nannduɗo e koyɗol, ɗo henndu boɗeejo e ɓuuɓndu ɓuri heewde.[34] O jarribii kadi karallaagal ko wayi no fotomontaas, nde foto gooto waawaa hollirde no haanirta nii nulal makko. E nder natal gootal, "Anarquía arquitectónica de la ciudad de México" (Anarki mahdi wuro Meksik), o fawi fotooje cuuɗi mawɗi ngam hollirde keewal yimɓe sabu urbanisaasiyoŋ.[25] E nder deftere woɗnde tiitoonde mum, El sueño de los pobres (Koyngal miskineeɓe), cukalel ɗaaniiɗo ina lelii tawa anndaaka les masiŋ keɓoowo kaalis, ko haala politik jowitiika e batte kapitaalisma e miskineeɓe. Natal asliwal ngal maa hollite caggal ɗuum e nder El sueño de los pobres 2 (Koyngal miskineeɓe 2). Álvarez maa artu e ngal ɗoon laawol e nder kitaale capanɗe tati e capanɗe joyi e nder mbaadi nate mawɗe ɗe njulaagu e juɓɓule keewɗe yamiri, ɗe puɗɗii ko e nate ceertuɗe ngam El Maestro Rural e nder kitaale capanɗe tati.[27] E hitaande 1939 o naati e suudu makko e nder galle Art Deco to Avenida Juarez kono e oon sahaa o sikkaano ko o naalanke hay so tawii ko e golle makko ɓennuɗe ɗee kala.[35]
E hitaande 1940, o haali ko fayti e keeri rewɓe e jikkuuji coktirgal hakkunde rewɓe e nder golle makko En su propia carcel (E nder kasoo makko), e mbaydiiji ina mbaɗa diidi e ɓanndu debbo, ina hollira e gite mum barmeeji kasoo. Rewɓe woɗɓe surrealist en kadi ina kaala ko fayti e ɗeen ɗoon sarɗiiji keertiiɗi e darnde rewɓe, ko wayi no Leonora Carrington, e nder golle mum Green Tea (La Dame Ovale), gila 1942, ɗo mbaadi debbo hakkundeejo wayi no reentaade e nder mbaydi jokkere enɗam.[36]. ]
E hitaande 1941, Álvarez fuɗɗii golle mum duuɓi 30, ko gardiiɗo fotooje to Duɗal Ngenndiwal Naalankaagal e Binndol (INBA).[37] Álvarez waɗii koolol mum gadanol naalankaagal keeringol e hitaande 1944, to Palacio de Bellas Artes[15] e sahaa gooto o ardii Pintores Jaliscienses (Pentuɓe Jalisco), kollitaaɗo kadi to Palacio ngam ɓamtude golle naalankooɓe ummoriiɓe e oon dowla. Ndee hiirde adannde rewi heen ko yeewtereeji keewɗi solo e fedde. E hitaande 1950, o renndini garaas, o waɗti ɗum galle ina waɗi jarne seppooji. Nde udditaa e dow laabi e lewru oktoobar arooru nduu, nde wiyetee Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Galle naalankaagal hannde).[8] Ko e nder ndeeɗoo galle e hitaande 1953, Álvarez hollitii tan kollirgol golle Frida Kahlo to Meksik yuɓɓinaaɗe w
Caggal golle makko (1971-1992)
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Caggal nde o woppi golle e hitaande 1971 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngenndiwal,[8] Álvarez jokki e ƴettude fotooje haa o wumti e duuɓi 79 e hitaande 1986.[8][43] Koolol ngol e hitaande 1965 ko ngol woni go’o ko hollirde golle Álvarez haa e cakkital kitaale 1970, nde ministeer jaŋde ɓadtii mo ngam sosde koolol, o neldi mo to suudu niɓɓiɗndu, ɗo o fuɗɗii yuɓɓinde defte makko.[40] E hitaande 1979, yeewtere adannde e golle makko yuɓɓinaama[8] to wuro Meksik to Alianza Francesa de Polanco.[28] Gila e kitaale 1980, o fuɗɗii anndeede e nder winndere ndee kala e kollirɗe keewɗe kollitooje nafoore hesere e golle makko.[29] E hitaande 1982, o yaltinii defte ɗiɗi ɗe o hawri e fotooje makko, hono Escritores y Artistas de Mexico, jowitiiɗe e natal makko e Recuento fotográfico, woni deftere binndaande.[8]
Suudu Álvarez to Colonia Tabacalera, ɗo o hoɗi gila 1939, yani e yerɓo leydi to Meksik e hitaande 1985, o dogi o ummii e geɗe seeɗa.[40] E nder ustaare cellal, o yalti suudu makko e juuɗe koɗo makko, hono Clementina Rivera Vallejo, o hoɗi e ɓiyiiko.[41] E hitaande 1991, koolol yuɓɓinaangol to Dallas, Texas, ngol Fedde Sehilaaɓe Pinal Meksik yuɓɓini, hollitii nate Álvarez ɗe o waɗi e Kahlo, ɓeydi heen weltaare makko e nder winndere nde, nde o yahrata e gure goɗɗe ko wayi no Albuquerque, New Mexico, e Washington, D.C. The Fundación Cultural Televisa mawninii duuɓi 50 e golle mum e nder fotooje e hitaande 1992, o yuɓɓini hiirde to wuro Meksik ngam ƴellitde njillu makko.[8][28] O waɗii haala e nder nguurndam makko ko fayti e no o yi’rata ndonu makko: "So fotooje am ina njogii maanaa, ko ɗe ndaranii Meksik mo meeɗiino woodde".[44] Hay so tawii o seerti e gorko makko, o yetti mo sabu golle makko, o noddi mo "sosɗo fotooje jamaanu to Meksik."[45] O felliti kadi wonde omo jogii jom suudu makko ɓooyɗo "ñamaande tago".[45]
Maayde e ndonu
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Álvarez maayi ko ñalnde 31 sulyee 1993[8] to wuro Meksik. O wasiyiima defterdu makko to nokku toppitiiɗo fotooji (CCP) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Arizona to Tucson, Arizona.[43] Teemedde fotooje keɓaama e Centre e hitaande 1994, ko Olivier Debroise yuɓɓini ɗum. Koolol yah-ngartaa, Lola Alvarez Bravo: E nder annoore mum e bayyinaango innde wootere fuɗɗiima.[46] Ɓiɗɗo Álvarez biyeteeɗo Manuel jokki e ɓeydude e ko moofti koo[43] e hitaande 1996 ko ina tolnoo e 200 fotooje kaalis gelatin e negatifuuji ɓeydaa heen.[47] E hitaande 2007, fotooje ɓeydaaɗe njiytaa to wuro Meksik, nde sehil makko gooto soodnooɗo suudu ɓooyndu Álvarez yiyti keesuuji keewɗi natal Álvarez, jom suudu mum, kam e golle almuɓɓe mum. E wiyde James Oles, karallo ko faati e naalankaagal Amerik Latin, jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wellesley, kaɓirgal kesal ngal rokkii "en tiitooɗe e ñalɗi asliiji ɗi mbayli no feewi maanaa e firo" yoga e golle Álvarez.[48][49] Nate ɗee ɓeydaama e defterdu Centre nduu, kollirɗe keewɗe ndewi heen, ina jeyaa heen kollirgol Lola Álvarez Bravo e Fotooje jamaanu, kollitooje ɓeydagol ngol e hitaande 2013.[48]
E hitaande 1953, nde jaayndiyanke gooto ummoriiɗo Excélsior naamndii mo ngam anndude pentoowo ɓurɗo teeŋtude e Meksik, pentoowo Meksiknaajo biyeteeɗo Alfonso Michel jaabii, "Lola Álvarez Bravo", sabu "kompoññeeji makko ko ɗi debbo ganndo no yiyrata huunde ndee e hoore mum".[50]. ] E yejjiteede e nate bayɗe no David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, e Diego Rivera, Michel waɗti karallaagal Álvarez e binndol e natal tiiɗngal e nder ngonka naalankaagal, o ƴetti fotooje makko haa o yahri no pentol nii, o yetti karallaagal makko tawa o ƴeewaani jinnaaɗo makko.[50] Álvarez ina jogii natal e nder defte duumiiɗe e nder galleeji keewɗi ina jeyaa heen galleeji ñeeñal, Houston, e galleeji ñeeñal hannde to wuro New York.[51]
Golle cuɓaaɗe
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Golle Alvarez maantinɗe e hitaande 1946, Entierro de Yalalag (Wurngo e Yalalag) naatii e koolol biyeteengol « Galle neɗɗo » to wuro New York, caggal ɗuum o yilliima leyɗeele 37
Álvarez huutoriima tan filmo ɓaleejo e boɗeejo ngam natal mum, wonaa fotooje colour, ngam newnude ƴellitaare timmunde hakkunde mbaydiiji monokrom. Nokku oo yahdaani e mbaadi binndol makko.[27] Ko o jaayndiyanke foto, Álvarez ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e peeñcu laaɓtuɗo, yiɗde rokkude maanaa renndo, tawa o duppitaani golle fotooje goɗɗe. Yeru, e nder gollal gootal ɗo o yahi Papantla, to Veracruz, ngam ƴettude Danza de los Voladores, o yejjitii jimɗi ɗi woɗɓe ƴetti, o ƴetti fotooje hijjooɓe arooɓe tawtoreede juulde ndee, naatgol dingiral e dow ŋoral ceniingal, e sadak daabaaji.[54] Woɗɗude hakkunde makko e haala kaa ina nanngi ɓe no feewi e mbaadi nanndundi e humpito maɓɓe tawa ɓe ñaawataa.[27] Ko ɓuri welde e makko ko reenaade "kabaruuji", e mbaydi winndude ko taarii mo e nder daartol mum en.[55] E nder golle makko yeeynorɗe, Álvarez huutoriima karallaagal chiaroscuro ngam teeŋtinde geɗe geɗe ɗee, hono no ɗe pentirɗe nguurndam nii.[56] Gila 1936, o feewni fotomontaas, sahaa fof omo huutoroo fotooje makko ngam waɗde kompoññe, wonaa natal ummoraade e golle woɗɓe bayyinaaɗe. Heewɓe e fotomontaaji ɗi o waɗi caggal ɗuum ko postooji.[27] E nder oon sahaa o sosi foto-kolaas, Sirenas del aire (Sirens de l’Air), ɗo sirinuuji ɗiɗi njirlotoo e weeyo, jokkondirɗi e masiŋ binndol, ɗi ɗiɗo fof ina memoo.[57]
Heewɓe e golle Álvarez ɗee ndenndinaama e tiitooɗe keertiiɗe, ɗe o artiri e mum en sahaa e sahaa fof. Eɗe mbaɗi heen wakilaaji rewɓe ɓiɓɓe leydi e remooɓe, yummiraaɓe, sukaaɓe, rewɓe wonɓe e renndooji ceertuɗi kam e rewɓe wonɓe e tawtoreede avant-garde e nder muralism Meksik e dille renaissance intellectuelle e nder yontaaji hakkunde wolde.[58] Gaa gaa natal sehil makko biyeteeɗo Frida Kahlo, mo o anndiraa e nder winndere ndee caggal nde o woni e golle makko,[51] ina waɗi natal naalankooɓe, ko wayi no Lilia Carrillo, Olga Kosta, Marion Greenwood, Mariya Izquierdo, Alice Rahon, e Cordelia Urueta ; reennooɓe pinal, ina jeyaa heen Pita Amor, Anita Brenner, e Judit Martínez Ortega ; e winndooɓe, ko wayi no Rosariyo Kastelanos, e Elena Poniatowska.[59] O tagi kadi nate ɓutte, ɗe keertiiɗe e hollirde rewɓe ko wayi no "alegorías de la condición feminine en el contexto de la sociedad patriarcal mexicana (allegories ngonka debbo e nder ngonka renndo patriarchal Meksik)".[58]. ] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen natal makko ɓoornungal, hono jimoowo biyeteeɗo Maudelle Bass,[60] e naalanke biyeteeɗo Julia López, mo reedu mum heewi. Fotooɓe makko worɓe hannde ɓee, nde ɓe njiylotoo yumma, ɓe nanngi ko ɓuri heewde e natal galleeji.[61] Fotooje makko e mbeddaaji ina njokki e nguurndam yimɓe ñalnde kala nde o tiiɗnii ngam hollirde ŋarɗugol, kam e mette, e irooji ngonka aadee.[21][51] Golle makko ina kollita sahaa gooto, tawa kadi alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa maande walla maanaa leslesɗo kono ko laawol reende sahaa e nder nguurndam.[62]
Fotooji Álvarez ɗii ɓuri teeŋtude ko e winndude Meksik e yimɓe mum e nder nguurndam mum, tawa ina jogii miijo neɗɗankaagal. Nate makko ina kollita ƴellitaare leydi ndii nde waɗi caggal nde Meksik wayli, kam e batte karallaagal teeminannde 20ɓiire.[11][63] O yiɗaano ƴettude fotooji e nder suudu, kono omo yahra e kamera makko, omo yiyloo sahaaji mettuɗi e jimɗi nannguɗi, ɗi kollirta leydi, yimɓe e aadaaji Meksik.[64] Ko ɓuri heewde e fotooje makko rewɓe ɓiɗɓe leydi, ko wayi no Un descanso, llanto e indiferencia (Fooɗde, woyde e waasde faamde), gila 1940, kollitooje huutoraade e tampere keeriinde e nder haala mum, [65] walla El sueño de los pobres 2 (The Koyngal Miskineeɓe, 2), ɗo suka gorko ina lelii ina ɗaanii e nder mooɓondiral paɗe. Álvarez teskiima wonde ko alɗuɓe tan mbaawi hoyɗude ñamri, no sukaaɓe, miskineeɓe Meksiknaaɓe hoyɗirta tan ko jogaade paɗe.[10] Heewɓe e golle makko ina njiyloo jokkondire hakkunde annoore e mbaydi, ɗe o huutorii laabi keewɗi ngam waɗde heen nate e nder golle makko. E nder "Unos suben y otros bajan" (Won heen ina njaha dow, woɗɓe ina njaha les), o huutoriima feere ngam hollirde mbaadiiji mekanik.[12] E nder golle makko e hitaande 1950 "En su propia cárcel" (E nder kasoo makko), o huutoriima ɗowdiiji gonɗi e ŋoral ngam waɗde heen nate kasoo, o nanngi suka debbo gonɗo e ŋoral windo.[66] E nder "Tríptico del martirio" (Triptique de la Martyrme, 1949),[12], fotooje jommbaajo,[48], e fotooje ɗe ngalaa tiitoonde, ɗe neɗɗo daraniiɗo hakkeeji gaynaako en, ɓoorniiɗo wutteeji (1982), Álvarez huutoriima pijirlooji annoore e ɗoyngol ngam hollirde tension erotique,[12] kam e critique renndo e suuɗde jeese e nder niɓɓere.[48]
Lola Alvarez Bravo woni kalfinaaɗo ƴettude natal ngal ina wiyee La Visitacion e hitaande 1954.[6].
Teskorɗe
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]^ Elizabeth Ferrer, winndiyanke nguurndam Álvarez, hollitii wonde ciimtol keewngol ina rokka ñalnde 3 abriil 1907 wonde ñalngu jibinannde Álvarez,[3] kono o hollitii wonde binndanɗe defte makko ina kollita wonde o jibinaa ko e hitaande 1903.[4] Woɗɓe ina kollita ñalngu ngu o jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 abriil 1903,[1] walla 1 abriil 1907.[5] Jibnaaɓe makko resndaa e hitaande 1901[6] e seedantaagal maayde makko hollitii o jibinaa ko e hitaande 1907.[7]
^ Nate cukaagu makko ina luurdi e won e lowre ina hollita wonde yumma makko maayi ko nde Álvarez ina yahra e duuɓi tati[2] e woɗɓe ina ndokka maayde yumma makko waɗnde e hitaande 1910.[8] Ferrer teskiima luural e nder defte taariindi Álvarez, o teskiima ina gasa tawa ko jibnaaɓe ɓee ceerti.[4] Arsiif Álvarez to nokku fotooji peeñɗi to Tucson, ina waɗi telegaraam ummoraade e Sara de Anda feewde e Álvarez e jom suudu mum e hitaande 1926, ina waɗi ciimtol maayde makko adannde ina gasa tawa ina gasa.[6]
^ Natal luural e won e lowre hollirnde wonde Ruth, ɓiɗɗo Diego Rivera, addiino wutte e noppi ngam Kahlo ɓoornoo e leeso mum maayde sabu denndaangal jeewte Frida ngujjaama.[81]
Tuugnorgal
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]Ciimtol
[taƴto | taƴto ɗaɗi wiki]^ Juppude haa: a b Ramires Zapatero 2016, p. 2.
^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f g h i j Kongdon e Hallmark 2002, p. 1.
^ Feere 2006, h. 162.
^ Juppude haa: a b c d Ferrer 2006, p. 6.
^ Dueñas 2016.
^ Juppude haa: a b Debroise 1994, p. 5.
^ "Kuulal gollal" 1993.
^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f h i j k l m n o p q r s Whitelegg 2006.
^ Juppude haa: a b c d e Ferrer 2006, p. 43.
^ Juppude haa: a b Sills 2000, p. 32.
^ Juppu haa: a b c d e f Fernandez e Santakruz 2013, pp. 22-23.
^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f g h i j k l Maynard 1996, p. 29.
^ Hooks 2002, hello 11, 18.
^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f Sills 2000, p. 33.
^ Jump to: a b c d Musium ngenndiijo rewɓe e nder naalankaagal 2012.
^ Juppude haa: a b Debroise 1994, p. 2.
^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 7.
^ Juppude haa: a b Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 156.
^ Debrois e Oles 1994, p. 17.
^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 157.
^ Juppude haa: a b Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 162.
^ Juppude haa: a b Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 174.
^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 163.
^ Debroise e Oles 1994, pp. 23, 25.
^ Juppude haa: a b Sills 2000, p. 34.
^ Hooks 2002, h. 22.
^ Juppude haa: a b c d e Debroise e Oles 1994, p. 25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa aba ac ad ae Fooyre Suisse ngam fotooje 2013.
^ Juppu haa: a b c d Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde 2012.
^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 14.
^ Feere 2006, h. 17.
^ Juppude haa: a b Sills 2000, p. 36.
^ Kongdon e Hallmark 2002, p. 2.
^ Segre 2005, hello 39-65.
^ Feere 2006, h. 21.
^ E nder leydi kaawis: Ko njilluuji surrealist en rewɓe naalankooɓe to Meksik e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. p. 75.
^ Feere 2006, h. 20.
^ Juppude haa: a b c Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 185.
^ Feere 2006, h. 50.
^ Juppude haa: a b c Debroise e Oles 1994, p. 29.
^ Juppu haa: a b Akosta 2011.
^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 52.
^ Juppu haa: a b c Kongdon e Hallmark 2002, p. 3.
^ Sills hitaande 2000, h. 31.
^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 46.
^ Debroise 1994, p. 4.
^ Jump up to: a b Catal fotooji 2010.
^ Juppu haa: a b c d Gonzalez 2013.
^ Gigena hitaande 2017.
^ Juppude haa: a b Debroise e Oles 1994, p. 11.
^ Juppu haa: a b c d Fooyre 2006.
^ Biro, OV Dijital (2 abriil 2023). "3 abriil: Siftorde Lola Álvarez Bravo e ñalngu nguu". Daande ƴeewoowo. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 2 abriil 2023.
^ "Nguurndam 117 hitaande Lola Alvarez Bravo". www.google.com. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 2 abriil 2023.
^ Debrois e Oles 1994, p. 21.
^ Debrois e Oles 1994, p. 27.
^ Debrois e Oles 1994, p. 23.
^ E nder leydi kaawis: Ko njilluuji surrealist en rewɓe naalankooɓe to Meksik e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. p. 73.
^ Juppu haa: a b Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, pp. 164-165.
^ Mirkin 2008, pp. 184-185.
^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 186.
^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 177.
^ Feere 2006, h. 59.
^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 161.
^ Sills 2000, hello 31-34.
^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 170.
^ Komisarenko Mirkin 2008, p. 187.
^ Juppude haa: a b c Oses, Lukas (2017). "FOTÓGRAFAS MEXICANAS: IMÁGENES DE DISIDENSIA Y EMPODERAMIENTO/FOTOOJI REWƁE MEKSIKAN: NATAL CEERDE E DOOLE". Espaasiyo, wakkati e mbaadi. 5: 333-352. 1973902677 – rewrude e ɗaɓɓaande.
^ Kortina, Rejina (1995). Meksik: Naalanke oo ko Debbo. Providence, RI: Kaayitaaji sahaa e sahaa fof. p. 7.
^ MIRKIN, DINA KOMISAARENKO. "WAKILIIJO ƊEMNGAL REWƁE E TINA MODOTTI E LOLA ÁLVAREZ BRAVO". Revista janndeeji mawɗi. La Ventana. 3: 174 – rewrude e EBSCO.
^ "Lola Alvares Bravo". Catal fotooji peeñɗi. 15 Noowammbar 2019. Ƴeewtaa ko 9 Abriil 2021.
^ Joomiraawo Osés 2017, p. 343.
^ Musium ngenndiijo rewɓe e nder naalankaagal 2018.
^ Hooks 2002, h. 18.
^ Juppude haa: a b c Grimberg 1991, p. 7.
^ Hooks 2002, hello 22-23.
^ Juppude haa: a b Sills 2000, p. 39.
^ Hooks 2002, h. 23.
^ Girimbeg 1991, p. 22.
^ Juppude haa: a b Grimberg 1991, p. 60.
^ Hooks 2002, h. 25.
^ Girimbeg 1991, p. 62.
^ Juppude haa: a b Ferrer 2006, p. 49.
^ Puerto 1996, h. 96.
^ Raayit-Riyos 201