Maya Lakshmi Harris

Maya Lakshmi Harris (jibinaa ko ñalnde 30 lewru bowte hitaande 1967) ko awokaa Ameriknaajo, daraniiɗo politik renndo, binndoowo. Harris jeyaa ko e wasiyaaji tato mawɗi ngam politik kampaañ Hillary Clinton e hitaande 2016, kadi o woniino hooreejo kampaañ hooreejo leydi 2020, miñiiko debbo, Kamala Harris.[1]

Harris jibinaa ko to Champaign–Urbana, to Illinois, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bishop O’Dowd, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaliforni, to Berkeley, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Stanford. O jeyaa ko e PolicyLink, e Dental Amerik ngam haɓaade ndimaagu siwil, e Centre pour le progrès américain.

Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol

Maya Lakshmi Harris jibinaa ko to Champaign-Urbana, to Illinois, o mawni ko to nokku biyeteeɗo San Fransisko e Montreal, to leydi Kebek. Ko kanko woni ɓiɗɗo debbo tokooso biyeteeɗo Shyamala Gopalan Harris (1938–2009), wiɗtiyanke ko faati e kanseer ɓernde, ummoriiɗo Madras (anndiraaɗo hannde Chennai), to leydi Inndo, e hitaande 1960 ; e Donald Harris, jibinaaɗo to Jamayka, jannginoowo faggudu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Stanford, jooni ko o baawɗo golle.[2] Mawniiko gorko, P. V. Gopalan, ko golloowo laamu e nder laamu leydi Indiya.[3] Kanko e mawniiko debbo, Kamala, ɓe mawni ko e diineeji Baptist e Hindu.[4] E duuɓi 17, o jibini ɓiɗɗo makko gooto, biyeteeɗo Meena Harris. O heɓi dipoloma makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaliforni, to Berkeley, e hitaande 1989. E oon hitaande, o winnditii to duɗal sariya Stanford. Nde o woni haa Stanford, o laati ardiiɗo Stanford Law Review, nden o ɗon huuda bee kuugal sariya ummatoore East Palo Alto, o laati ardiiɗo suudu nyawndiigu nder saare e hooreejo goomu ardungal janngooɓe.[5][6]. ] O heɓi dipolom makko J.D. e hitaande 1992 "e teddungal."[7]

Kugal

Je umrore

Caggal nde o heɓi dipoloma makko J.D. to duɗal sariya Stanford, Harris wonti gardiiɗo sariya to ñaawirdu diiwaan Amerik James Ware to diiwaan worgo Kaliforni.[8] E hitaande 1994, Harris naati e fedde awokaaji San Fransisko, hono Jackson Tufts Cole & Black, LLP, ina gollina e nder ñaawoore siwil e ñaawoore warngooji.[8] Fedde nde fusi ko e hitaande 1999.[9]

Harris wonnoo ko jannginoowo sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde San Francisco. O jannginii kadi ko fayti e njiyaagu to U.C. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde sariya Hastings, sariya kuuɓtodinɗo to duɗal sariya keso to Kaliforni udditiiɗo jooni, kadi ko kanko wonnoo Dekan duɗal sariya Lincoln to San Jose.[8] E duuɓi 29, o jeyaa ko e deenoowo duɗal sariya ɓurngal famɗude e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, kadi ko kanko tan woni debbo indiyanke e oon sahaa.[10][11]

Waɗde

Maya e miñi mum debbo, cukko hooreejo leydi Kamala Harris

Harris wonnoo ko gollodiiɗo mawɗo to PolicyLink, fedde ngenndiire wiɗtooji e golle, daraniinde ɓamtude potal faggudu e renndo. E nder ndeen darnde, o yuɓɓinii batuuji ko faati e jokkondiral hakkunde polis e renndo[12], o wallitorii kadi peewnugol polis,[13] o winndi binndanɗe ɗiɗi ngenndiije.[14]

Harris wonnoo ko gardiiɗo fedde toppitiinde ndimaagu siwil Amerik to worgo Kaliforni. Ko kanko woni Ameriknaajo Jamaykaajo gadano ardaade ACLU to Fuɗnaange Kaliforni, kadi ko kanko woni gardiiɗo gollordu gadano to Asii Fuɗnaange e nder fedde ACLU.[15] E nder darnde makko e gardagol biro ɓurɗo mawnude e ACLU, Harris ardii e yuɓɓini ñaawoore, jokkondiral e jaayɗe, lobby, e golle yuɓɓinooje e nder renndo. O adii wonde ko gardiiɗo eɓɓoore ñaawoore njiyaagu e nder fedde nde, o sosi ko ɓuri teeŋtude ko wayi no ittude ŋakkeende njiyaagu e nder njuɓɓudi ñaawoore warngooji e heɓde potal jaŋde e nder duɗe laamu Kaliforni.[16] E hitaande 2003, Harris wonnoo ko gardiiɗo No on 54 to Fuɗnaange Kaliforni, kampaañ baɗnooɗo foolde Proposition 54, yiɗde haɗde gollorɗe laamu mooftude humpitooji ko faati e njiyaagu e leƴƴi.[17] E hitaande 2006, ko kanko woni hooreejo awokaaji e nder ñaawoore Ligue des Femmes Votantes de Californie v. McPherson, ñaawoore nde artiri hakkeeji wooteeji ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 Kaliforniyanke e nder kasooji diiwaan oo e dow jarribo ngam ñaawde bonanndeeji.[18]

Filantropi

E hitaande 2008, Harris toɗɗaa cukko hooreejo to bannge Demokaraasi, Hakkeeji e Nuunɗal to Fooyre Ford. Taskaram man ɗon mari haaje wallugo laamu booɗɗum, ɓesdugo nastugo nder demokaraasi, e reenugo e yahdugo yeeso jojjanɗe aadee nder duuniyaaru fuu, nden o ardii kawtal duuniyaaru ngam hokkugo dokkal ko ɓuri miliyonji 150 dolaar hitaande fuu.[19]

Politik

Harris wonnoo ko gollodiiɗo mawɗo to PolicyLink. Tuggi 2008 haa 2013, Harris wonnoo ko cukko hooreejo Demokaraasi, Hakkeeji e Nuunɗal to Fooyre Ford. Ko adii nde o naatata e fedde Ford Foundation, o woniino gardiiɗo fedde Ameriknaare toppitiinde ndimaagu siwil (ACLU) to Fuɗnaange Kaliforni, fedde ACLU ɓurnde mawnude e nder leydi ndii.[20][21] Harris wonnoo ko mawɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Amerik[22], kadi ko ganndo njillu to duɗal sariya Harvard.[23] O woniino jiiloowo politik e sariya to MSNBC gila 2017 haa 2018.[24]

Ko o wakiliijo kampaañ Hillary Clinton to Goomu njuɓɓudi lannda Demokaraasi, Harris wallitii e winndude njuɓɓudi 2016.[25] Harris wonnoo ko hooreejo kampaañ ngam kampaañ miñi mum debbo ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi e hitaande 2020 haa kampaañ oo dartinaaiyon.[26]

Bindi

Harris winndi binndanɗe "Fostering Police Communautaire-Centrée", nde yalti e deftere 2006 wiyeteende Alkawal e Amerik ɓaleejo.[16] O woniino kadi binndoowo ballitooɗo e nder deftere wiyeteende The Shriver Report: Leñol debbo ina ruttina caggal e ŋoral, o yaltini winndannde "Gaaɓondiral njoɓdi hakkunde rewɓe e worɓe: haala hakkeeji siwil e jamaanu men".[27]

Harris winndii binndanɗe ɗe ina jeyaa heen, Poliis gonɗo e nder renndo: Doole ngam waylude, ciimtol teeŋtinngol golle polis gonɗo e nder renndo e nder leydi ndii kala, e Organized for Change: Ardorde Activist to Reform Police, deftere walliinde ngam waylude polis.[28][ 29] E hitaande 2008, Harris yaltini deftere wiyeteende Waɗde kala woote ina limtee: waylude politikaaji e golle ngam haɗde hakkeeji bonɗi to Kaliforni.[30] E hitaande 2014, o winndi deftere wiyeteende Rewɓe ɓaleeɓe: Doole mawɗe e nder wooteeji Amerik.[31]

E hitaande 2020, Harris winndi e nder jaaynde Atlantik e jaaynde cellal rewɓe ko fayti e nguurndam e ñawu nguu, hono lupus.[32][33]

Njeenaaje e teddungal

E hitaande 1997, fedde awokaaji sukaaɓe e nder fedde awokaaji leydi ndii teddini mo njeenaari Junius W. Williams sukaaɓe awokaaji hitaande ndee.[15] Hitaande rewtunde ndee, o innitiraa ko gooto e 20 awokaaji ɓurɗi mawnude e garooji les 40 e nder jaaynde San Francisco Daily Journal.[34]

E hitaande 2006, Harris innitiraa ko gooto e Desis sappo teskinɗi e hitaande ndee.[35] O heɓi njeenaari rewɓe ɓe cuusal mum en to Girls, Inc. e hitaande 2008.[36] E hitaande 2009, Harris innitiraa ko e nder fedde adannde The Root 100, ngam mawninde "ardorde, gollal e moƴƴere worɓe e rewɓe Afriknaaɓe-Ameriknaaɓe ɓe yiɗde mum en, darnde mum en e golle mum en kese ceerti ɓe."[37] O rokkaama njeenaari Champion of Justice ummoraade e daraniiɓe potal hakkeeji e hitaande 2014, njeenaari ndi rokketee hitaande kala e jaambaaro e nder dillere ngam potal rewɓe e worɓe.[38]

Nguurndam neɗɗo

Harris ina resi Tony West gila lewru sulyee 1998. Maya e Tony kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe ngoni ko e duɗal 1992 to duɗal sariya Stanford, ɗo ɓe ngonti sehilaaɓe kono ɓe puɗɗaaki jokkondiral haa caggal nde ɓe njooɗii.[8][39] Ɓiyiiko debbo biyeteeɗo Meena Harris heɓi bak mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Stanford e hitaande 2006, to duɗal sariya Harvard e hitaande 2012. Debbo makko Kamala Harris woni cukko hooreejo leydi Amerik.[41]

E hitaande 2020, Harris hollitii wonde o heɓiino rafi lupus nde o yahrata e duuɓi 22.[42]

Tuugnorgal

1. Nater, Daawuuda (14 abriil 2015). "Hillary Clinton inniri wonkooɓe tato ɓurɓe mawnude ngam kampaañ". Siyaas. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 22 lewru bowte hitaande 2015. Ƴeewtaa ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 2015.
2. "Premier Golding ina jaari Kamala Harris - ɓiy Jamaykaajo - e toɗɗagol mum debbo gadano jaagorgal leydi Kaliforni". Sarwiis humpito Jamayka. Duujal 2, 2010. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 15 lewru Yarkomaa 2012. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 21 lewru Yarkomaa 2019.
3. "Maayde: Doktoor Syamala G. Harris". Jaaynde San Fransisko. mars 2009. Moftinaama e asliwol ngol ñalnde 1 mars 2020. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 11 lewru juko hitaande 2017.
4. Owens, Donna M. (13 lewru Yarkomaa 2016). "Awokaa mawɗo leydi Kaliforni Kamala Harris ina anniyii wonde senaateer debbo ɓaleejo garoowo to Amerik". Neebam. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 24 lewru Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 11 lewru Juko, 2017.
5. "Haala Laawɗuka". Awokaa almuudo. 27 (2). Fedde janngooɓe sariya, Fedde awokaaji Amerik: 16. Duujal 1998. Archive gila e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal 2020. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 22 Abriil 2016.
6. "Yiilirde Rewindaade" (PDF). Ƴeewndo sariyaaji Stanford. 44. 1991. Moƴƴinaama (PDF) gila e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal 2020. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
7. "Duɗal sariya Stanford ina rokka dipolomaaji, teddungal". kabaruuji.stanford.jaŋde. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
8. Driscoll, Sharon (17 mee 2010). "Tony e Maya: gollodiiɓe e nder golle laamu". Awokaa Stanford. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 25 Feebariyee 2019.
9. Gordon, Leslie A. (6 abriil 1999). "Bronson maa fus caggal nde Key majji". Koolol jaaynde ñalnde kala. Keɓtinaama ñalnde 7 sulyee 2024.
10. Jong-Yaawɗo, Molly (17 ut 2020). "Laamu siyaasaaku kesu: No Maya e Kamala Harris ndartiniri darnde banndiraawo siyaasaaku". Wuro & Leydi. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
11. Simeyon, Deftere (26 ut 1996). "Hooreejo leydi". Jet. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 29 Noowammbar 2020.
12. Hafertepen, Eric (5 sulyee 2001). "Kabaruuji: Eɗen poti haalde ɗum". WuroBeat. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 lewru Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 24 lewru Yarkomaa, 2013.
13. Jane (2 suwee 2001). "Wiɗtooɓe ina ɗaɓɓi peeje ngam moƴƴinde polis". Ko ƴamoowo Cincinnati. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 16 lewru feebariyee 2013.
14. "PolicyLink Guide ina rokka peeje kese ngam daraniiɓe moƴƴitingol polis". Jokkorde Politik. Abriil 2004. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 13 lewru Siilo hitaande 2010. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 24 lewru Yarkomaa 2013.
15. "ACLU to Fuɗnaange Kaliforni toɗɗiima gardiiɗo keso ngam ardaade fedde ACLU ɓurnde mawnude e nder leydi ndii". Dental ndimaagu siwil Amerik. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
16. "Fooyre poliseeji renndoyankooji". Aadi e Amerik ɓaleejo(Ed. 1). Chicago: Jaaynde aduna tataɓere. 2006. Kelle 71-95. ISBN 978-0-88378-277-4.
17. "Prop. 54 fiyi no feewi: Tide wayliima nde añɓe peeje woote mbayli geɗe gila e bias haa e toppitagol cellal". Beeli Sakramento. Oktoobar 2003. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal 2020. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 22 lewru Yarkomaa 2013.
18. Egelko, Bob (28 desaambar 2006). "CALIFORNIA / Hakkeeji woote ngartiraama ujunnaaje ujunnaaje e nder diiwaan oo e dow jarribo / Caɗeele puɗɗii ko e hitaande yawtunde ndee nde diiwaan oo firti sariya". SFGATE. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
19. "Gala lewru arandeere taariiha ɓaleejo nder Stanford Law ɗon laara duuɓi 50 garooji dow hakkeeji ɓiɓɓe lesdi e nuɗɗinki laral: Tony West, ardiiɗo jaagorgal lesdi Amerika e mawɗo haa Amerika Maya Harris Keynote". Duɗal sariya Stanford. Feebariyee 2014. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal 2020. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
20. "Maya Harris, hooreejo ACLU-NC". ACLU. Mofndaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 18 noowammbar 2010. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 21 lewru bowte hitaande 2010.
21. Ifill, Gwen (2009). Ko ƴaañii: Politik e njiyaagu e jamaanu Obama (1st ed.). New York: Defte ankere. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7679-2890-8.
22. Horwitz, Sari (3 suwee 2014). "Tony West, gardiiɗo tataɓo to departemaa ñaawoore, ina foti woppude laamu". Jaaynde Wasinton. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 10 oktoobar 2018. Keɓtinaama ñalnde 4 suwee 2017.
23. "Duɗal sariya Harvard inniri awokaa hakkeeji siwil Maya L. Harris ganndo njillu". Sariya Harvard Hannde. Oktoobar 2013. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
24. "Juice ñalnde talaata". Siyaas. Juko 2017. Moftinaama gila e fuɗɗoode ñalnde 4 lewru Mbooy 2019. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 21 Noowammbar 2017.
25. "Demokaraat en ina njahra yeeso e nder daartol lannda". Kabaaru NBC. Siilo 10, 2016. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko 17 Noowammbar 2020.
26. "Hol ko woni miñiiko debbo Kamala Harris e hol ko waɗi yimɓe ina mbiya mo 'Bobby Kennedy'". Ko jeytaare. Ñalnde 13 lewru bowte hitaande 2020. Hiisaama e asli mum ñalnde 24 lewru Duujal hitaande 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 noowammbar 2020.
27. Harris, Maya (17 mee 2014). "Gaaɓondiral njoɓdi rewɓe e worɓe: Haala hakkeeji siwil e jamaanu men". Rajo Shriver. ISBN 978-1-137-27974-3. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
28. Hariis, Maya (2001). Polis renndo: Doole ngam waylude (PDF). Jokkorde Politik.
29. Hariis, Maya (2004). Yuɓɓinaama ngam waylude: Ɗemngal golloowo ngam waylude polis (PDF). Jokkorde Politik.
30. Hariris, Maya (2008). Waɗde kala woote ina limtee: Waylude politikaaji e golle ngam haɓaade bonanndeeji e nder Kaliforni (PDF). Fedde Ameriknaare ngam Ndimaagu Siwil to Fuɗnaange Kaliforni.
31. Harris, Maya (30 oktoobar 2014). "Rewɓe ɓaleeɓe: Doole ɓeydotooɗe e nder suɓngooji Amerik". Catal ƴellitaare Amerik. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
32. Harris, Maya L. (12 abriil 2020). "Won e ñawɓe ina njiɗi tigi rigi lekki ki Trump ina jokki e pusde". Atlantik. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
33. Harris, Maya L. (7 lewru juko hitaande 2020). "Maya Harris: 'Mi salii ɗaccude Lupus ina siftina mi—ngam ɗuum mi jogi ɗum sirlu fotde duuɓi 30'". Cellal Rewɓe. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
34. Renndo potal nuunɗal ; Reende Fotde: Ƴeewtaade Dowlaaji Anniyaaji & Sellinde Gaañiiɓe Leñol, Maya Harris
35. "Desis hitaande 2006". Magazine indiyanke Ameriknaajo ɓurɗo moƴƴude | San Jose CA | Inndo Kuuɓal. Duujal 6, 2006. Moftinaama gila e fuɗɗoode ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
36. "Girls Inc. ina salmina 'Rewɓe ɓe cuusal'. Waktuuji Fuɗnaange Bay. Abriil 2008. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko 17 Noowammbar 2020.
37. "Moy Addata E Root 100? | E Wontude Awokaa Ɓaleejo". Oktoobar 2009. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal 2020. Keɓtinaama ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
38. "Feminism hakkunde yontaaji e laawol yeeso". Rewɓe. Ñalnde 25 lewru juko, 2014. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 24 lewru Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 noowammbar 2020.
39. Horwitz, Sari (27 feebariyee 2012). "Awokaa Departemaa Justice Tony West ngam ƴettude golle gardiiɗo awokaa mawɗo". Posto Wasinton. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 8 lewru juko hitaande 2019. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 11 lewru juko hitaande 2017.
40. "Meena Hariris '12". Sariya Harvard Hannde. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 22 Noowammbar 2019.
41. Brandon Tensley e Jasmin Rait (7 noowammbar 2020). "Harris wonti debbo gadano, ɓaleejo gadano e cukko hooreejo leydi Asiya fuɗnaange gadano cuɓaaɗo". CNN. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 24 Duujal, 2020. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 Noowammbar 2020.
42. Harris, Maya L. (7 lewru juko hitaande 2020). "Maya Harris: 'Mi salii ɗaccude Lupus ina siftina mi—ngam ɗuum mi jogi ɗum sirlu fotde duuɓi 30'". Cellal Rewɓe. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 21 lewru Yarkomaa 2021.