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Varieties of American Sign Language

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Ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik (ASL) ƴellitii ko e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, fuɗɗorii ko jillondiral ɗemɗe maandeeji nokkuuji e ɗemngal maandeeji Farayse (FSL).[1] Feereeji nokkuuji ɗii ƴellitiima e nder leyɗeele keewɗe, kono wiɗtooji ina pamɗi ko fayti e ɗemɗe ASL (hono ɗemngal maandeeji Boliwi) e ɗe ceerti haa ngonti ɗemɗe ceertuɗe (hono ɗemngal maandeeji Malesi).

Ko ɗoo woni ceertugol ɗemɗe maandeeji ASL e nder leyɗeele goɗɗe ɗe ngonaa Amerik e Kanadaa, ɗemɗe tuugiiɗe e ASL tawa ina njogii batte substrat ummoraade e ɗemɗe maandeeji nokkuuji, e ɗemɗe jillondirɗe ɗe ASL woni heen. Ceertugol ina rewi e keeri politik, ɗi mbaawataa yahdude e keeri ɗemɗe.

Ɗemngal maandeeji Bolivie Ɗemngal maandeeji Bolivie Ɗemɗe Boliwi LSB Ko jeyaaɗo to leydi Bolivie Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal 22 600 (2008)[2] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maandeeji Bolivie Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 Boli ɗemngal 1236 ELP Ɗemngal maandeeji Bolivie Ɗemngal maandeeji Boliwi (Lengua de Señas Bolivianas, LSB) ko ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik (ASL) ngal Muumɓe ɓuri huutoraade e nder leydi Bolivie.

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Tariya E hitaande 1973, Eleanor e Lloyd Powlison, misiyoŋaaji ummoriiɓe leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik ngaddi ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik.[2] Ɗemngal maandeeji (walla ma a taw ɗemɗe maandeeji) ina woodnoo ko adii nde ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik naatata e jaɓde, hay so tawii noon anndaaka no ngal yaajiri walla ngal denndiraa.[3]

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Deftere LSB adannde yalti ko e hitaande 1992, kono ko ɓuri 90% e maandeeji ɗii ko e ASL.[5] Sabu golle wiɗtooji e kitaale 1990 e 2000 ko heewi e konnguɗi e nder LSB mooftaama e juuɗe Muumɓe Bolivie, kadi kaɓirɗe jaŋde ngam janngude LSB walla jannginde e LSB njaltinaama. Faggudu e kelme kuutorteeɗe e ASL ustaama, kono haa jooni kuutoragol kelme ASL ina ɓura 70%.

Hannde LSB ɓuri huutoreede ko e Boliwinaaɓe muumɓe ko ɓuri 400 ciimtol ngol e hitaande 1988 e nder ciimtol Ethnologue,[2] sabu naatgol jaŋde ɗemɗe ɗiɗi (LSB ko ɗemngal leslesal e Españool ko ɗemngal hakkundeewal) e fuɗɗoode Riberalta e jaɓgol mum e duɗe goɗɗe e hitaande 1988 Bolivie e ballal ministeer jaŋde leydi Bolivie e ɓeydagol mbayliigu renndo hakkunde muumɓe.

E hitaande 1988, ko ina tolnoo e 9 juɓɓule muumɗe e nder leydi ndii, e 46 800 Boliwinaajo muumɗo.E hitaande 2002 ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 25 duɗal muusngal.[4]

Ɗemngal maande Burunndi Ɗemngal maande Burunndi Ɗemngal maandeeji Burunnda Jeyaaɗo to leydi Burundi Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal 5 000 (2020) haa ko ina tolnoo e 35 000–70 000 (2021)[5] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maande Burunndi Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 lsb Glottolog buru1325 Ɗemngal maandeeji Burundi Ɗemngal maandeeji Burundi (LSB) ko ɗemngal maandeeji ngenndiiji renndo muumɓe Burundi. Nde ummorii ko nde Andrew Foster naatni ASL e nder leydi Burundi, kono nde seerti gila ndeen. Muuñal e fuɗɗoode ɓuri tuugnaade ko e ɗemngal Farayse. Siynooɓe ASL ummoriiɓe Amerik ina mbiya ina njogii caɗeele faamde wideyooji e nder LSB, kadi siynooɓe LSB ina njogii caɗeele faamde wideyooji ASL, kadi Muumɓe Burundi ina cikka ɗemngal mum en ina seerti e ASL e ɗemɗe maandeeji koɗdiiɗi, ko wayi no Uganndaa e Ruwanndaa Maande.[6]Ɗemngal maandeeji Kosta Rika Ɗemngal maandeeji Kosta Rika Ɗemngal maandeeji Kosta Rika kesal Ko o jeyaaɗo to Kosta Rika Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal ina limtee e 10 000–20 000 (2021)[7] In 2002 there were approximately 25 deaf schools.[8] Galle ɗemɗe Kreyol maande Amerik (galle Farayse) e maande Kosta Rika ɓooynde Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 csr Ko yowitii e ɗemɗe 1249 Ɗemngal Maande Kosta Rika, anndiraangal kadi Ɗemngal Maande Kosta Rika Kesal walla Ɗemngal Maande Kosta Rika hannde, ko ɗemngal maande ngenndiwal renndo muumɓe Kosta Rika. Ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe jibinɓe caggal hitaande 1960 ina kuutoroo ɗum, tee ina nanndi e 60% e ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik (Woodward 1991, 1992). Nde jokkondirtaa e ɗemɗe ɗiɗi maandeeji wuro Kosta Rika, ɗemngal maandeeji Bribri e ɗemngal maandeeji Brunca.[9]

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Ɗemngal maande Dominik Ɗemngal maande Dominik Ko o jeyaaɗo to leydi Dominik Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal ina limtee e 21 000–43 000 (2021)[10] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maande Dominik Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 Laamu ɗemɗe1236 Ɗemngal maandeeji Dominik (DGS) ko ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik (ASL) kuutorteengal e nder leydi Dominik. Heewɓe e Dominiknaaɓe muumɓe ina kuutoroo maande galle, kadi ɓe nganndaa ɗemngal maande Dominik.

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Ɗemngal maandeeji Dominik ummorii ko e ɗemngal maandeeji Farayse (LSF), ngal misiyoŋaaji Faraysenaaɓe ngaddi e Dominik, ngal hawri e aadaaji maandeeji nokkuuji ɗii. Ko ɗum waɗi, ina heewi nanndugol e ɗemngal maande Farayse.


Ina waawi kadi tawa won ko seerndi ɗemngal maande Dominik e ɗemngal maande Amerik. Yeru, ina waawi wonde ceertugol e mbaydi konngol, e morfolooji gollal, e doggol kelme.Ɗemngal maande Haiti Ɗemngal maandeeji Haitien Ko jeyaaɗo to leydi Hayiti Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal 40 000 (2008)[11] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maande Haiti Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 – Glotolog hait1245 [ikon] Ndee feccere ina haani yaajneede. Aɗa waawi wallude e ɓeydude heen. (Lewru ut 2022) So tawii ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik ina huutoree sahaa e sahaa fof e nder renndo muumɓe Haiti, wonaa ngal ɓuri teeŋtude e Haiti. Feere nokkuure ndee, woni ɗemngal maandeeji Haiti, walla LSH (Langue des Signes Haïtienne), woni feere ɗemngal maandeeji ɓurngal huutoreede. Woodi duɗe 5 laamu ngam sukaaɓe muumɓe, LSH huutortee e saaktude e nder ɗeen duɗe e nokkuuji renndo goɗɗi ngam renndo muumɓe. E nder daartol, LSH winndaaka no feewi, walla anndaaka, ɗum addani ɗum sosde LSHDoP, woni eɓɓaande binnditagol ɗemngal maandeeji Haiti. Ndee eɓɓoore ko renndo muumɓe Haiti, e ballondiral e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Gallaudet.[12]<ref>

Ɗemngal maandeeji Gana Ɗemngal maandeeji Gana Ko leydi Gana jeyaa Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal ina limtee e 91 000–182 000 (2021)[16] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maandeeji Gana Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 gse Glottolog 1235

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Ɗemngal maandeeji Ganaa e nder golle Ɗemngal maandeeji Ganaa ko ɗemngal maandeeji ngenndiiji muumɓe e nder leydi Ganaa, iwdi mum ko ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik.ref=[13] Nde fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1957, ko Andrew Foster, misioneer Afriknaajo-Ameriknaajo muumɗo, nde tawnoo alaa jaŋde walla juɓɓule ngam muumɓe ko adii ɗuum. Foster yahi haa o sosi janngirde arandeere ngam muumɓe nder Naajeeriya duuɓi seɗɗa ɓaawo man, nden ɗemngal maande Naajeeriya holli semmbe diga GSL. GSL jokkondirtaa e ɗemɗe maandeeji asliiji Ganaa ko wayi no ɗemngal maandeeji Adamorobe e ɗemngal maandeeji Nanabin.

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Jooni noon, duɗe sappo e nay ngam muumɓe ina ngoodi e nder leydi Gana, duɗe leslese sappo e tati e duɗe hakkundeeje ɗiɗi e nder leydi Gana, heen gootel ko Akuapim-Mampong, goɗɗo oo ko Navrongo.[18] GSL ina wallita ɗum e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe Ganaa jogiinde njuɓɓudi mum to Accra. Fedde Bible Ghana fuɗɗii firtude Bibel e ɗemngal maandeeji Ghana.Ɗemngal maandeeji Gerek Ndee feccere ko ƴettuɗo e ɗemngal maandeeji Gerek.[edit] Ɗemngal maandeeji Gerek (Girkan: Ελληνική νοηματική γλώσσα, romaan: Ellinikí noimatikí glóssa, ENG) ko ɗemngal maandeeji ɗi renndo muumɓe Gerek en kuutortoo. Ɗemɗe maandeeji Indoneesi Ndee feccere ko ƴettugol e ɗemngal maandeeji Indoneesi.[edit] Ɗemngal maandeeji Indoneesi (Indoneesi: Bahasa Isyarat Indoneesi, BISINDO) ko kala ɗemngal maandeeji keewɗi jokkondirɗi e Indoneesi, ko famɗi fof e duunde Java. Nde tuugii ko e ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik, e jillondiral nokkuuji e nder gure ceertuɗe. Hay so tawii ko ɗemngal jokkondirngal so ina ɗaɓɓi nde laamu Indoneesi anndi ɗum e huutoraade ɗum e nder jaŋde, ina gasa tawa ceertugol kuutorteengol e nder gure ceertuɗe ngol ina waawi waasde faamde. Ɗemngal maandeeji Jamayka Ɗemngal maandeeji Jamayka JSL Ko o jeyaaɗo to leydi Jamayka Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal 7 500 (2011)[14] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maandeeji Jamayka Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 jls Glottolog jam1263 Ɗemngal maandeeji Jamayka (JSL) ko ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik kuutorteengal to Jamayka. Ina lomtoo ɗemngal maandeeji leydi Jamayka.

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Ɗemngal maandeeji leydi Malesi Ndee feccere ko ƴettugol e ɗemngal maandeeji Malesi.[edit] Ɗemngal maandeeji Malesi (Malay: Bahasa Isyarat Malesi, walla BIM) woni ɗemngal ɓurngal mawnude e nder renndo muumɓe Malesi. Ko kañum kadi woni ɗemngal maandeeji laawɗungal laamu Malesi huutortoo ngam jokkondirde e renndo muumɗo, kadi laamu Malesi jaɓi ɗum e hitaande 2008, ko ngal laawol jokkondirde e muumɓe e hakkunde mum en, haa teeŋti noon e jaayɗe e bayyinaaɗe laamu. BIM ina jogii ɗemɗe keewɗe, ceertuɗe e dowlaaji.[15] Ɗemngal maandeeji Maruk Ɗemngal maandeeji Maruk MSL Ko leydi Maruk jeyaa Diiwaan Tetuwaan Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal ko 63 000 (2008)[16] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Kreyol tuugiiɗo e maandeeji Amerik? Ɗemngal maandeeji Maruk Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 xms Glottolog moro1242 Ɗemngal maandeeji Maruk (MSL) ko ɗemngal renndo muumɓe Tetouan e yoga e gure goɗɗe Marok.

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Wallitooɓe Ameriknaare jam sosi ɗemngal maandeeji Maruk e hitaande 1987 e ɗemngal Tetouan ummoraade e ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik (ASL) e maandeeji goodɗi ɗii ; ina woodi ko famɗi fof 50% nanndugol konnguɗi e ASL. Laaɓtaani so tawii ‘maandeeji goodɗi ɗii’ ko maandeeji galleeji walla ko ɗemngal maandeeji wuro tabitinaaɗo. Ɗemngal ngal huutortee ko e porogaraamuuji tati wonande muumɓe, kono wonaa e nder leydi ndii kala: ngal huutoraaka e nder gure mawɗe hono Rabat, Tanger, walla Kasablanka, yeru. To Oujda, sara keerol Alseri, ɗemngal maande Alseri ina huutoree, walla ko famɗi fof ɗemngal maande nokkuure ndee ina huutoree no feewi.[17] For instance, Gabonese Sign Language has diverged and may be a separate language,[17] and Togo Sign Language is not mutually intelligible with standard American Sign Language.[17]]Ɗemngal maandeeji leydi Najeriya Ɗemngal maandeeji leydi Najeriya Jeyaaɗo to leydi Nijeer, leydi Caad, leydi Konngo Haalooɓe ɗemngal mum en ko 2 800 (2008) haa ko ina tolnoo e 48 000–96 000 (2021) to Caad;[22] ko ina tolnoo e 600 000–1 000 000 to Niiseer (2021)[23] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maandeeji leydi Najeriya Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 Ko ɗum: nsi – Maande Naajeeriya cds – Maande Caad Glotoloji 1259 Ɗemngal maande Naajeeriya, NSL woni ɗemngal maande ngenndiwal muumɓe nder Naajeeriya, ammaa, Naajeeriya walaa ɗemngal maande ngenndiwal haa jooni. ASL (ina waawi wonde jillondiral Engele Signed) fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1960, duuɓi seeɗa caggal ɗemngal Signed Gana, ko Andrew Foster, misioneer Afriknaajo-Ameriknaajo muumɗo, ɗum noon umminii mbaadi siynude ndi won e annduɓe mbiyata ko ɗemngal ASL. Jaŋde muumɓe e nder leydi Najeriya tuugnii ko e laabi haaldude e ɗemɗe maandeeji gonɗe e nder leydi ndii ina keewi ƴeewteede ko jokkondiral geɗel (gestures) ko adii gargol Andrew Foster. "Ɗemngal maandeeji Nijeer" gonngal hannde ngal, siforaama no "Ɗemngal maandeeji duɗal" ngal, ngal kodde nsi e dow defterdu ɗemɗe winndere nde, SIL International. Ina woodi semmbe Ganaa e nder NSL ; ɗiɗo fof tuugii ko e ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik. Ɗemngal maandeeji janngirde ɗon mari jokkirli seɗɗa bee ɗemɗe maandeeji ɓii lesdi Naajeeriya feere-feere bana ɗemngal maandeeji Hausa, ɗemngal maandeeji Yoruba, e ɗemngal maandeeji Bura. Eɓɓoore hisnude ɗemɗe muumɗe e ɗemɗe gonɗe e caɗeelee Fedde ngenndiije muumɓe Naajeeriya ina ngolloo ngam winndude sifaaji NSL e nder leydi ndii e nder leydi ndi ngam wiɗtooji e jokkondire ngam yimɓe muumɓe Naajeeriya.

[18]

Jannginooɓe Caad e Konngo ngam muumɓe ina njanngina to leydi Najeriya. Won duɗe muumɗe to Caad to N’Djamena, Sarh, e Moundou.

Ɗemngal maandeeji Panama Ɗemngal maandeeji Panama Ɗemɗe panamenaaji Ko o jeyaaɗo to leydi Panama Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal 9 000 (2008) Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maandeeji Panama Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 lsp Glotolog pana1308 ELP Ɗemngal maandeeji Panama Ɗemngal maandeeji Panama (Lengua de señas panameñas, LSP) ko gooto e ɗemɗe ɗiɗi maandeeji muumɗi e nder leydi Panama. Nde ummii ko e ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik, nde heɓi batte e ɗemngal maandeeji Salvador.[19]

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Ƴeew kadi ɗemngal maandeeji Chiriqui.Ɗemngal maandeeji Filipiin Ndee feccere ko ƴettuɗo e ɗemngal maandeeji Filipiin.[edit] Ɗemngal maandeeji Filipiin (FSL) walla ɗemngal maandeeji Filipiin (Filipino : Wikang pasenyas ng mga Pilipino),[28] ko ɗemngal maandeeji ummoriiɗi Filipiin. Hono no ɗemɗe maandeeji goɗɗe nii, FSL ko ɗemngal keeringal, jogiingal nate, sintaksis e morfolooji mum ; ɗum tuugnaaki e e nanndaani e Filipiin walla Engele. Won e wiɗtooɓe ina cikka wonde maale koɗki FSL ina mbaawi majjude sabu ɓeydagol semmbe ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik. Ɗemngal maandeeji Porto Riko Ɗemngal maandeeji Porto Riko Ɗemngal ɓiɓɓe leydi Ko o jeyaaɗo to Porto Riko Leñol 8 000 haa 40 000 muumɗo (1986) Haalooɓe ɗemngal mum en ina tolnoo e 6 000 haa 13 000 (2021)[30] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maandeeji Porto Riko Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 kala Glotolog puer1237 ELP Ɗemngal maandeeji Porto Riko Ɗemngal maandeeji Porto Riko (PRSL) ko sifaa walla iwdi ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik, ngal naati e Porto Riko e hitaande 1907. Laaɓtaani no PRSL waawirta seertude e ASL, kono Ethnologue ina haala ɗemɗe ɗiɗi e nder ASL kam e haalooɓe ɓe nganndi tan ko PRSL.

Ɗemngal maande Siyera Leyoon Ɗemngal maande Siyera Leyoon Ko jeyaaɗo to Siyera Leyoon Diiwaan Freetown Leñol 3 000-5 000 (2008)[20]Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal 200 (2008) haa 23 000–46 000 (2021)[31] Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Maande Amerik Ɗemngal maande Siyera Leyoon Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 sgx Ɗemngal 1246 Ɗemngal maandeeji Siyera Leyoon ko sifaa walla iwdi ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik (ASL) kuutorteengal e nder duɗe muumɓe to Siyera Leyoon, walla ko famɗi fof e nder laamorgo leydi Freetown. Hono no ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele hirnaange Afrik nii, duɗe gadane ɗe muumɓe mbaɗi ɗee, ko misioneer Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Andrew Foster walla almuɓɓe mum.

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Ɗemngal maande Selangor Ɗemngal maande Selangor Bahasa Isyarat Selangor Ko o jeyaaɗo to leydi Malesi Diiwaan Kuala Lumpur e Selangor Haalooɓe ɗemngal neeniwal 500 (alaa ñalngu)[32] Ko ɓuri heewde ko mawɓe, fof ko ɗemɗe ɗiɗi e maande Malesi Galle ɗemɗe Maande Farayse Sign Amerik, e jillondiral nokkuyankeewal Ɗemngal maande Selangor Kode ɗemɗe ISO 639-3 kiloo Ɗemngal 1253 ELP ɗemngal maandeeji Ɗemngal maande Selangor (SSL), anndiraangal kadi ɗemngal maande Kuala Lumpur (KLSL), ko ɗemngal maande kuutorteengal to Malesi. Nde tuugninoo ko e ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik (ASL) kono nde seerti no feewi haa jooni nde hiisetee ko ɗemngal e nder mbaadi mum. Kuala Lumpur wonnoo ko e nder diiwaan Selangor hade mum wontude leydi fedde nde e hitaande 1974.

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Hono no ɗemngal maandeeji Penang (PSL), jooni ko mawɓe ɓuri huutoraade ngal, hay so tawii noon sukaaɓe heewɓe ina mbaawi faamde ngal.Ɗemngal maandeeji Singapuur Ndee feccere ko ittaande e ɗemngal maandeeji Singapuur.[edit] Ɗemngal maandeeji Singapuur, walla SgSL, ko ɗemngal maandeeji ɗi muumɓe e waasɓe nanngude kuutortoo e nder Singapuur, ƴellitiiɗi ko ɓuri duuɓi capanɗe jeegom gila nde duɗal gadanal ngam muumɓe sosaa e hitaande 1954.[33] Gila Singapuur heɓi jeytaare mum e hitaande 1965, renndo muusngo Singapuur ina foti huutoraade mbayliigu ɗemɗe keewɗe. Hannde, renndo muusngo nokku oo ina anndi ɗemngal Singapuur (SgSL) ko ngal hollirta pinal Singapuur ceertungal. SgSL ina jogii batte ɗemngal maandeeji Shanghai (SSL), ɗemngal maandeeji Amerik (ASL), maandeeji maandeeji laaɓtuɗi (SEE-II) e maandeeji ƴellitaaɗi e nokkuuji. Ɗemngal maandeeji Taylande Ndee feccere ko ƴettugol e ɗemngal maandeeji Taylande.[edit] Ɗemngal maandeeji Taylande (TSL; Thai: ภาษามือไทย), walla ɗemngal maandeeji leydi Taylande hannde (MSTSL), ko ɗemngal maandeeji ngenndiiji renndo muumɓe Taylande, ko ɗum huutortee e nder ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji leydi ndii e nder teemedere (100), estima60 -muumɓe ɗemngal yahooɓe ekkol.[21]

  1. ↑ "What Is American Sign Language (ASL)? | NIDCD". www.nidcd.nih.gov (in Engeleere). 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  2. ↑ "School for the Deaf Faces Hostile Takeover". World Watch Monitor. Aug 18, 2000. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved Jun 29, 2015.
  3. ↑ Template:E25
  4. ↑ Holbrook, David (2009). "Bolivia Deaf Community and Sign Language Pre-Survey Report" (PDF). SIL International.
  5. ↑ Collaud, Carole. "Projektinformationen: Bericht von Carole Collaud, 1. Teil" (in Docceere). Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BSL2
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BSL3
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CGG2
  9. ↑ Template:E25
  10. ↑ "Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). iso639-3.sil.org. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  11. ↑ Template:E25
  12. ↑ James Woodward, 1991, "Sign Language Varieties in Costa Rica", in Sign Language Studies 73, p. 329-346
  13. ↑ Template:E25
  14. ↑ Template:E25
  15. ↑ Template:E25
  16. ↑ "Francophone African Sign Language - AASL". Aasl.aacore.jp. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ASL2
  18. ↑ Hochgesang, Julie A.; Mcauliff, Kate (2016). "An Initial Description of the Deaf Community in Haiti and Haitian Sign Language (LSH)". Sign Language Studies. 16 (2): 227–294. doi:10.1353/sls.2016.0003. ISSN 1533-6263.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GSL
  20. ↑ Knoors, Harry; Brons, Maria; Marschark, Marc (2019). Deaf education beyond the Western world: context, challenges, and prospects. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190880514.
  21. ↑ Template:E25
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