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Winndannde fahtunde e mboros

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Mboros ( e pulaar) ko helmere eggaande e haala geregnaabe. Mboros noon ko ñaw bonndo, jaawdo '' haytaade'' e leydi walla diiwaan. Panndemi ene seerti e epidemi ene seerti kadi e anndemi. Epidemi ko rafi raaboowo himbe heewbe e diiwan kono ko dumunna dabbo. Anndeminoon raabgol mum ene hakindi teene huuptitinta Aduna fof e saha gooto, yeru mum ko mabbo [1]

Ko woni mboros holdum haajirta

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Mboros ko rafi jaawdo raabde; jaado soorade e leydeele e huuptidinde Aduna[2]. Wonaa rafi fof woni mboros. Gaa-gaa yaawde saraadende; mboros ko ñawu libbowu lelnoowu neddo, burkas Kanseeer ene wara heewbe kono noon wona mboros , sibu : ene leeli koyngal, raabata teene yaawaani libde burkas.[3]


Jawngol ndaaboor epidemic e mboros ene jogi no anndirte eno betirte. Betirgal ndii rafiiji tuugnoto ko e gede didi: no foti yimbe daaba e ñialawma, e nder yontere wala lewru immam dum e nder hitaade. So tawii rafi o ene ''haylo'' ene ''ruba'' o diidante diidol laabtiniingol, kolliroogol taabaande e bosande makko.


Ko adiifof ciifol mako ngol ene not hollira no rafi fuddorto.

  • hokki yero e kovid-19 e tuma nde moytotoonde; e on wktu no jimbe seedabe tan hebbno ñawugu.
  • reftini heen tuma nde ñaw tolnotoo e '' hebni-hebni''.[4] Ko e oon saha daabondiral yaajata tuma nde heewbe ndaaba.
  • gasniri saha nde rafi hebinda, foola darii kak, danana safaara e kaptorde.

Daranaade cellal

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Leydeele, laamuuji ene mbaawi darnude peejengam fadaade ummogol mboros. E hitaande 2005. Fedde Adunayankoore daraniide cellal (OMS) darni naawooje kese e ko fahte cellal.[5] Deen naawooje kese ko ngam reentaade, ummanaade e daranaade cellal aduna e fof ko adi rafiiji ene caro walla caaako e nder leydeele O.M.S winndi kadi deftere jowitiingel e mboros mabbo. Ndeen deftere muula saakta ko e hitaande 1999. Ndeen deftere saattaama kadi hesditinz kitaale 2005 e 2009.[6] Koburi heewde e kaptorde e safaruuji habaade kovid-19 ngitta ko e naawooje ndeen deeftere 2005 ngam safrude mabboji jeftudi mbaadi mboros


Yeewtere yaajnannde wadaama e ko fahti e ko wyete feere 3T ( betde, safrude e rewindaade rafi). [7]Duum ko feere ngam ummanaade rafi gila law, safrude dum e wadde keerol hakkunde ñawde e sellube. Ndeen feere ko adii fof yiiloto ko badoondirnoobe e gondudo e mboro ngam surdebe e yimbe sellube be. Ndeen feere hebtineeɗe holeeɗe dum ummori koto kore mo worgo kanum e Singaapuur. Hatta noon leydeele ene mbaawno hebtanaaɗe dum fof caggal nde SArS bonnani aduna.


Woɗɗondirɗe himbe saha raabo-raabo ko, huunde e feere mojjere sabu ene wallita yimbe no feewi.Biyeteedo Dr Miikaayel J. Ryan gardinaado darnɗe O.M.S wi e yeewtere mum e lewru , mars 2019 ''woddondirde yimbe e saha rafi daabowo ene nafa mojji kono yonata''. Maa safara tigi-rigi ummane, darne take e goddondiral ngal.[8] Dr Miikayel. J. Ryan anndini wonɗe goɗɗondiral ngal tan yonatah z mboros gondaado o.

Mboros ngondaado o

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HIV/AIDS

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Binndi e ko yowti e anndude HIV/AIDS

O.M.S ene wiya VIH ko '' epidemi'' udunayannkeere'' kono noon ko dum pandemi tigi.[9] E hitaande 2018 ko abbe 37,9 miliyon ndeddo kebii SIDA e nder Aduna oo fof.[10] E hitaande 2018 SIDA wari ko abbee 770 000 neddo. [11]E nder limoore Afrik worgo Sahara buri heen bonireede. E 2019 ko abi 61 e p c hebbe SIDA njeyaa e con diiwan.[12]

Koronawiris

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Koronawirisuuji (Cov) njeyaa ko e fodde mawnde wirisaaji caaboto ci raaji tuggude mabbo haa yetti ñabbuji bonci nanngojoji foofaande to leydeele funnaange-Hakkundejejo(MERS-COV). Ene jeeya d dien ñiabbo e foofaandu , cengogol cattungol(SARS-CoV-2). Ko waylo-waylooru onn caabiido Koronawiris 2019, ganndiraado covid-19.[13] Yogaaji e mborosaaji Koronaaji ngonata e nokku gooto. Ko Cuum wadi dum Koronaaji ndaabondirta ko hakkunde yimbe e jawdi( Kulnon). Wittooji teentudi kolliri wonde mboros SARS-CoV o ummi ko e ''civettes'' faya e yimbe. " civette" namndi ko e : kero, daga wala cewngel jaawee. Ko noon kadi MERS-COV ummorte e geloodi fahya e yimbe. Koronawirisaaji ene heewi jeese. Mborosaaji Koronawirisaaji heewdi nena njirlo hakkunde kulle diin ndaabani yimbe tawo


Koronawiri hikka o , hono korona-wiris 2019 (ganndiraado Covid-19) ummori aduna o ko e wuro.[14] Sine wiyeteengo Wuhan e diiwaan biyeteedo Hubei. Oon mboros Koronawiris 2019( COVID-19) fuddi ko e mayiirde lewru desammburu 2019. Oon mboros senoto ko e foofaandu ñiawma poofirde. E tuuknaade e duttorde Iniwersite John Hopkins,[15] Ko abbe leydeele 200 e diwanuuji mum loriima e oo mboros COVID-19. Leydeele denndudi Amerik, leydi Siin, hirnaange Orop e leydi Iran ene .[16] Njeeya e burbe loraade e co mboros. ñande 11 mars 2020, O.M.S anndini wonde no COVID-19 yahratani wonti mboros. [17][18] ñande 23 awiril 2020, COVID-19 raabi 2,63 miliyon neddo e nder aduna O. E oon saha maaybebe ngoni 184 249 neddo. sellube be ngoni 722 055.[19]

Raboo-raboo

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Paawre jontinooje

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Jontinooje hayloto ko e leydeede nguleeki lombidi hakkande njori toropik. Jontinoojo ene tabiti e nder huunde e Amerik, Asi e Afrik. Hitaande fof, jontinojo ene ñawna ko tolni 350 haa 500 miliyon neddo.[20] Yoge e ledde walla safaruuyi natti waa-wande . Jotinooje tuggi 21 teemedannde ko ledde(safaaruji) jowitiide e artemisia a tan mbaawanie jotinooje.[21]


E jamanuuji bennudi jotinoojje ene tawetenoo Orop wala bange rewo Amerik. [22]Kononoon hannde jotinooje njatii diin diiwanuuji. [23] Jotinooje ene jeya eko libi laamu Roman. [24]Ko duum wadi rafi o ene wiya "rafi Roman". Palasmodioom falsiparom ko noo siyaas wiyata bondi. Jotinooje naati Amerik bannge rewo ko e saha  dahateegol baleebe nawanoobe toon.[25]

Mabbo Español

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Mabbo Español (1918 haa 1920) raabi 500 miliyon neddo e nder aduna . Nguum ñawu yettima haa e duundeedli joñidi to maayo pasifik e Arkatik.[26] [27] Toon ngoo mabbo wari 20 haa 100 miliyon neddo. Ko heewi e mboros mabboji mbarata ko buri heewde ko sukaabe walla nayyebe . Oon rafi bonanaani sagataabe. Kono mabbo español buri bonande ko sukaabe e sagataabe. [28]Mabbo español buri warde e geer gadano Aduna. E nder jonte 25 ngoon mabbo wari ko buri ko warno SIDA e nder duubi 25. [29] [30] No eggu-eggooru soldateebe oon geer yante guddogue yimbe beydu donannde oon rafi.[31] No yimbe dannorto hannde e aduna aduna o ene jeya ko beydata ndaabor rafiiji mboros.[32]

Kulòl e ñabbuuji garòoji

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Bakteriiji Cuusɗi lékki

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Windande Mawnde Ndee: Bakteriiji Cuusɗi Lékki


Hol heen bakteriiji ɗe nganduɗaa ko ɓikkon tokoson méttuɗe warde. A ɗi mbaawi artirde ñabbuuji ɗi nganduɗa yimɓe daɗiino heen. [33] Yeru, won heen leɗɗe cafrannooɗe “tuberculose” te jooni nafataa hay huunde, haa ɗum hulɓinii liggotoobe e bangal cafrugol. Hitaande fof, ko foti e teemeɗe jóy ujunere yimɓe ene mbaawi heɓde oo ɗoon “tuberculose” (MDR-TB).[34] Tubercolose biyeteeɗo MDR-TB ko “Chine” e “Inde” ɓuri heewde.[35] Fedde tóppittooɗo ko faati e cellal e aduna oo fof (WHO) wii hedde milyoŋaaji cappande joy yimɓe e aduna fof ene ngonɗi e ñabbu MDR TB, 79% e maɓe ngonɗi ko e  bakteriiji cuusɗi leɗɗe, won heen ne cuusi sifaaji leɗɗe tati walla ko ɓuri ɗum. E hitaande 2005, yimɓe teemedere e noogaas e nay (124)keɓiino rafi oo e leydi Amerik (Etats-Unis). Goɗɗo sifaa “tuberculose” ene wiye (XDR TB) yiyaama Afrik e hitaande 2006, te caggal ɗum yiyaama kadi e léydiiji goɗɗi, hono léydi Amerik. Fedde tóppittooɗo ko faati e cellal e aduna oo fof (WHO) hiisiima ko foti e capanɗe nay ujunere (400000) yimɓe ene keɓa rafi XDR-TB hitaande fof.[36]


E duubi noogaas jawtuɗe ɗee, bakteriiji baaɗi no Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens e Enterococcus, njéhii haa leɗɗe barooje bakteriiji hono vancomycin, aminoglycosides e cephalosporins nattii warde ɗi. Bakteriiji ɗe nganduɗaa ɗee ene métti warde ene njéyaa e sabaabuuji rafiiji ɗi neɗɗo waawi ittude opitaal (nosocomial). Kadi, e kitaale jawtuɗe ɗee ko ɓooyaani, won heen rafiiji gummotooɗi e dental yimɓe, hono sifaa Staphylococcus aureus mo nganduɗa ene suusi methicillin (MRSA), te jooni ene heewi heɓde yimɓe celluɓe ɓe.

Ñabbu Jaggoowo Terɗe keewɗe

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Ñabbu Jaggoowo Terɗe keewɗe (“Viral hemorrhagic fevers”) ko paawngal jaawngal raaɓirde, kadi jaawngal warde. Yeru: ko wayi no rafi Ebola, paawngal Lassa, paawngal Rift Valley, rafi Marburg, e paawngal Bolivia. Ñabbu Jaggoowo Terɗe keewɗe so yimɓe ndeenaaki tan ene waawi yaade haa saroo e aduna.[37] Kono noon ñabbu baaɗo noon heewaani saraade e aduna fof sabu waawi raaɓondireede tan ko so tawii a ɓaɗiima neɗɗo ngonduɗo e ñabbu ngu no feewi, te neɗɗo ngonduɗo e ñabbu ngu ene heewi yaawde maayde wala rafeede rafi muusɗo no feewi. Ɓayri sahaa nde neɗɗo o rafetee ndee e sahaa moo hollirta maale ene ɓaɗondiri no feewi, cafrooɓe ɓee ene mbaawi yaawnaade ɓe ceernda neɗɗo ngonduɗo e rafi o (quarantaine), mbele o waasa raaɓde woɗɓe.

Zika Wiris

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Saraade rafi Zika, rafi Zika, e paawngal Zika.

Rafi Zika ene fuɗɗinoo saraade e hitaande 2015, ene yaha ene ɓura ɓeyɗaade haa e hoore hitaande 2016, ko ɓuri yimɓe milyoŋ e feccere keɓiino rafi o, e ko ɓuri léydiiji sappo e goo e Amerik fof (continent Americain).  Fedde tóppittooɗo ko faati e cellal e aduna oo fof (WHO) réentinii yimɓe rafi Zika sabu ene waawi yaade haa saroo e aduna fof so tawii yimɓe ngummaaki heen gila e jooni.[38]

References

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  1. ↑ Principles of Epidemiology, Third Edition (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012.
  2. ↑ Porta, Miquel, ed. (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-531449-6. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  3. ↑ A. M., Dumar (2009). Swine Flu: What You Need to Know. Wildside Press LLC. p. 7. ISBN 978-1434458322.
  4. ↑ Wiles S. The three phases of Covid-19 and how we can make it manageable. TheSpinoff. Available at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020
  5. ↑ See: https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en
  6. ↑ ibid
  7. ↑ The 3 T’s model: Hitting the nail on the head, The Jordan times, April 2020 http://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/mohammad-majed-abufaraj/3-ts-model-hitting-nail-head
  8. ↑ World Health Organisation March press briefing on Coronavirus , Reuters, 2020 https://www.pscp.tv/w/1OdJrqYMXMXGX?t=49m58s
  9. ↑ "WHO HIV/AIDS Data and Statistics". Retrieved 12 April 2020
  10. ↑ Fact Sheet" (PDF). UNAIDS.org. 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  11. ↑ "UN AIDS DATA2019". UNAIDS.org. 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  12. ↑ See endnote ‘xi’.
  13. ↑ McArdleColumnistBioBioFollowFollowColumnist, Megan McArdle closeMegan. "Opinion | When a danger is growing exponentially, everything looks fine until it doesn't". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  14. ↑ "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". WHO. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  15. ↑ COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), accessed April 23rd 2020: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
  16. ↑ "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Live statistics)". Worldometer. 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  17. ↑ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". WHO. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  19. ↑ "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic". Worldometer.
  20. ↑ "Malaria Facts". Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  21. ↑ White, NJ (April 2004). "Antimalarial drug resistance". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (8): 1084–1092. doi:10.1172/JCI21682. PMC 385418. PMID 15085184.
  22. ↑ Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America. Norman G. Gratz. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  23. ↑ DNA clues to malaria in ancient Rome. BBC News. 20 February 2001.
  24. ↑ "Malaria and Rome" Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Robert Sallares. ABC.net.au. 29 January 2003.
  25. ↑ "The Changing World of Pacific Northwest Indians". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington.
  26. ↑ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  27. ↑ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  28. ↑ Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, Madrenas J (2013). "Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality". PLOS One. 8 (8): e69586. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869586G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586. PMC 3734171. PMID 23940526.
  29. ↑ Spanish flu facts by Channel 4 News
  30. ↑ "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic". virus.stanford.edu.
  31. ↑ Qureshi, Adnan I. (2016). Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0128042427.
  32. ↑ Spanish flu strikes during World War I, 14 January 2010
  33. ↑ Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pasteur.fr
  34. ↑ Health ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB. World Health Organization.
  35. ↑ Bill Gates joins Chinese government in tackling TB 'timebomb'. Guardian.co.uk. 1 April 2009
  36. ↑ Tuberculosis: A new pandemic?. CNN.com
  37. ↑ Fears of Ebola pandemic if violent attacks continue in DR Congo". Al-Jazeera. 23 May 2019.
  38. ↑ "Zika virus could become 'explosive pandemic". bbc.co.uk. 28 January 2016.
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