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Sayku Usmaan Ɓii Fooduye
ɓii aadama
Jinsugorko Taƴto
Ɓii-leydiyankaakuSokoto Caliphate Taƴto
InndeOsman Taƴto
Innde ɓesnguUthman Taƴto
Noble titlesultan Taƴto
Ɗuubi daygo15 Bowte 1754 Taƴto
ƊofordeMaratta Taƴto
Date of death20 Seeɗto 1817 Taƴto
Place of deathSokoto Taƴto
SiblingAbdullahi Dan fodio Taƴto
MarudeAbu Bakr Atiku, Muhammed Bello, Nana Asmaʼu, Maryam bint Uthman, Muhammad Bukhari bin Uthman Taƴto
WoldeInngilisjo, Arabic, Hawsare, Fulfulde Taƴto
Writing languageHawsare, Fulfulde, Arabic Taƴto
Sana'ajiwriter, philosopher, poet Taƴto
Position heldSultan of Sokoto Taƴto
LenyolPullo Taƴto
DiinaDiina Lislaama Taƴto
Replaced byMuhammed Bello Taƴto
 

Shehu Usman dan Fodio (Aarabeeɓe: عثمان بن فودي, e ɗemngal Roman: ʿUsman ibn Fūdī; 15 desaambar 1754 – 20 abriil 1817)[lower-alpha 1][1][2] ko ganndo fulɓe, jannginoowo diine lislaam, jimoowo, rewtinoowo Caali e rufto e kaliifa mum gadano.[3]

Usman jibinaa ko to Gobir, ko iwdi leƴƴi Oudah Fulɓe hoɗɓe e Laamuuji Hausa gila e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1400.[4] E nder nguurndam makko gadanam, Usmaan janngi no feewi e jaŋde lislaam, ko ɓooyaani koo, o fuɗɗii waajaade lislaam sunnit en e nder leyɗeele ɗe caggal mum laatoto geɗe leydi Najeriya e Kameruun jeytaare. O winndii ko ina ɓura teemedere deftere ko faati e diine e laamu e pinal e renndo. O ƴettii ƴaañorgal e dow juulɓe Afriknaaɓe gonɓe heen ɓee, sabu ko o yi’i ko wayi no ƴaañgal maɓɓe, paaniyaŋkaagal maɓɓe, ƴaañde tolnooji shari’a.[5]

Usmaan sosi e fuɗɗii njiimaandi diine e renndo lislaam ndi saaktii gila Gobir haa e nder leydi Najeriya hannde ndii e Kameruun. Ndeeɗoo waylo-waylo waɗii batte e murtooji goɗɗi e nder Afrik hirnaange e caggal mum. E hitaande 1803, o sosi Kalifaandi Sokoto, almuɓɓe makko ndokki mo hoolaare ngam wonde Kuuɓal Gooŋɗinɓe (Amīr al-Muʾminīn). Usmaan bayyini jihaadi e leydi Hawsan en, o fooli ɓe. E gardagol Usmaan, kalifaandi ndii yaaji haa yettii Burkina Faso hannde oo, Kameruun, Fuɗnaange Niiseer e ko ɓuri heewde e Fuɗnaange Nijeer. Ɗan Fodio salii ko heewi e pompe laamu, e nde o ƴelliti jokkondiral e ardiiɓe diineeji e ardiiɓe jihaadi e nder Afrik fof, o ɓooyaani o rokki ɓiyiiko, Muhammed Bello, ardorde laamu Sokoto.[6]

O hirjini binndol e ganndal, wonande rewɓe e worɓe, ɓiɓɓe makko rewɓe heewɓe njalti ko e annduɓe e winndooɓe.[7] Binndi makko e haalaaji makko ina njokki e limteede haa hannde, ina keewi noddireede Shehu e nder leydi Najeriya. Won e almuɓɓe ina cikka ɗan Fodio ko mujaddid, "peewnuɗo Lislaam" nelaaɗo e Alla.[8] Ummital Shehu dan Fodio ko huunde mawnde e dille sifotooɗe jihaadi e nder teeminannde 17ɓiire, 18ɓiire e 19ɓiire.[9] Nde rewi ko e jihaadiiji baɗanooɗi e Fuuta Bundu, e Fuuta Tooro e Fouta Djallon hakkunde 1650 e 1750, ko ɗum addani sosde ɗeen dowlaaji tati lislaam. E nder mbaydi makko, Shehu ina ɓuuɓna jihaadiiji Afrik hirnaange keewɗi caggal ɗuum, ina jeyaa heen ɗi Seku Amadu, sosɗo laamu Massina e Omar Saidou Tall, sosɗo laamu Toucouleur, resnduɗo gooto e taaniraaɓe ɗan Fodio.

Nguurndam gadano

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Leñol e cukaagu

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Usman Danfodio jeyaa ko e yonta annduɓe njilluuji puɗɗiiɗi hoɗde e Hausaland gila e kitaale 1300-1400, ko ina wona duuɓi 400-500 ko adii Jihaadi.[10][11] Mawɓe Sheek en ko Toronkawa egguɓe Futa Tooro e kitaale 1300 e gardagol Muusaa Jokollo. Muusaa Jokollo ko mawni am Shehu en 11ɓo. Yontaaji 11 ko hakkunde Muusaa Jokollo e Shehu Danfodio.

Abdullahi dan Fodio hollitii wonde Torankawa en (Turubbi/Torobe) ina njogii iwdi Aarabeeɓe rewrude e Uqba gooto resnduɗo debbo fulnaajo biyeteeɗo Bajjumangbu. Muhammadu Bello anndaano so tawii ko Uqba ɓiɗɗo Nafi, walla Uqba ɓii Yaasir walla Uqba ɓii Amir.[12][13] Yumma Usman dan Fodio Hauwa ina sikka ko iwdi Muhammadu toowndi nde tawnoo o iwdi ko Maulay Idris I, Amiir gadano Maruk, taaniiko Hasan, taaniiko Muhammadu.[14] Ahmadu Bello, hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo, taaniiko Muhammed Bello, o wi'i ɗum nder deftere maako, o ɗon tokka jokkirli saare maako bee Muhammadu bee laawol Hauwa .[15]

Toronkawa en adii hoɗde ko e wuro ina wiyee Konni e keeri laamu Bornu e laamu Songhai, haa tooñannge riiwi ɓe haa Maratta e gardagol Muhammadu Sa'ad, mawniiko gorko Sheek. Fedde maɓɓe feccii, ɓe ngummii Qoloba. Ko to Maratta Usmaan Danfodio jibinaa ñalnde 15 lewru Duujal hitaande 1754. O jibinaa ko bi Fodiye, dan Fodio walla Ibnu Fudiyi, ‘ɓiy Fodiye’, baaba makko dañii tiitoonde fulɓe Fodiye ‘jannguɗo’.[16] Ko adii fof ko baaba sheikh oo, Muhammad Bn Fodio caggal hitaande 1754, addi ɓe gila Maratta haa Degel, kono banndiraaɓe maɓɓe heewɓe ina keddii haa jooni e wuro Konni. Toronkawa woɓɓe, bana saare Gidado, ngummi haa Kebbi.[17]

Baaba makko Muhammadu Fodio ko ganndo lislaam mo Danfodio suka oo siftorta caggal mum e nder defte mum wonde ina jogii batte mawɗe e makko. Muhammadu Fodio maayi ko to Degel, o wirnaa toon.[18] Inna makko usmaan ko Hauwa Bn Muhammadu. O sikkaama ko o iwdi annabi lislaam Muhammadu nde tawnoo o iwdi ko Maulay Idris I, Amir gadano leydi Maruk.[19][20] Jannginoowo Usmaan e Abdullahi gadano ko yumma maɓɓe Hauwa ummoriiɗo e leñol juutngol annduɓe binndol lolluɓe. Yumma makko, neene Usmaan, ko Ruqayyah bin Alim, ko o asket e jannginoowo teddinaaɗo no feewi. E wiyde Murray Last, Ruqayya ina jokkondiri e caltal galle teskaangal e jaŋde mum. Golle Ruqayyah Alkarim Yaqbal ina njiɗaa e nder annduɓe lislaam e teeminannde 18ɓiire e 19ɓiire. Baaba Hauwa e jom suudu Ruqayya, hono Muhammadu bin Usmaan bin Hamm, ɓuri Ruqayya fof lollude e hormeede. O hiisetee ko diine Fulɓe ɓurɗo janngude e oon sahaa.[21]

Jaangirde

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Nde Usmaan woni suka, kanko e ɓesngu makko ɓe ngummii to Degel ɗo o janngi Quraan.[22] Caggal nde Danfodio janngi Quraana e baaba mum, o yahi to jannginooɓe woɗɓe. Ina jeyaa heen banndiraaɓe makko, Usmaan Bn Duri, e Muhammadu Sambo.[23] Caggal nde Usmaan Binduri janngini mo, Danfodio o jokkondiri e Jibriil Bun Umar. Ibnu Umar ko mawɗo hakkille e diine e oon sahaa, ko o daraniiɗo Jihaadi no feewi. Jibrin Ibn Umar ko neɗɗo luulndiiɗo, caggal ɗuum o luurdi e Danfodio ; waaju makko e siftinde hol ko woni juulɗo, wonti huunde nde luural hakkunde makko e Shehu caggal nguurndam makko. Ɓiɗɗo Ibnu Umar caggal mum naati e Shehu e fuɗɗoode Jihaadi.[24] Almuɓɓe Ibnu Umar woɗɓe ina njeyaa heen miñiiko Danfodio, hono Abdullahi dan Fodio, e ɓiɗɓe yumma mum Muhammadu Firabri e Mustafa Bin Usmaan[25] Nde o heɓi duuɓi 20, Usmaan sosi duɗal mum to Degel, ɗo o waajotoo, o janngi e sahaa gooto. E nder jamaanu, o janngi no feewi e ganndal lislaam ɓooyngal, e filosofi, e diine, o wonti kadi miijotooɗo diine teddinaaɗo.

E hitaande 1786, Danfodio tawtoraama batu mawniiko Muhammadu bn Raji ɗo o heɓi seedanteeje jaŋde goɗɗe (hello 7).[26]

Hedde hitaande 1787, Danfodio ina winnda defte keewɗe e ɗemngal Arab e waɗde jimɗi juutɗi e ɗemngal Fulfulde. O timmini gooto e defte makko ɓurɗe lollude, "Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (Ummital gollal annabaagal e momtugol kesam-hesaagu fenaande)" e hitaande 1773, ko ɗum tabitini innde Danfodio e nder annduɓe jamaanu.[27] E nder luural makko e annduɓe nokkuuji ɗii ko fayti e jaŋde (scholasticism), o winndii ko ina tolnoo e 50 deftere ngam haɓaade ƴattooje annduɓe nokku oo.

Noddaango faade e Lislaam

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E hitaande 1774, Usmaan fuɗɗii waaju mum e nder dingiral mum ko Mallam, o jokki waaju mum duuɓi sappo e ɗiɗi to Gobir e Kebbi, o rewi heen duuɓi joy goɗɗi to Zamfara. Ina jeyaa e almudɓe Usmaan anndaaɓe, miñiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Abdullaah, laamɗo Hausa biyeteeɗo Yunfa, e woɗɓe heewɓe.[28]

Jaɓɓungal waaju makko ƴetti mo gila to Faru. Caggal nde o arti e Faru, o jokki e yahde caggal Kebbi haa o yettii Illo sara maayo Niiseer, e nder Fuɗnaange o yahi haa Zugu sara falnde maayo Zamfara.

Usmaan ina ñiŋa laamu nguu e binndanɗe mum, ina ñiŋa ɗum en sabu maccungaagu, rewde sanamuuji, juulde sadak, ɓurtugol njoɓdi, laamuuji njurum e njurum.[29] O teeŋtini kadi ɗooftagol fiqh Maliki e nder ɗooftagol neɗɗo kam e nder sariyaaji njulaagu e sariyaaji ñaawoore. Usmaan kadi ñiŋii jillondirde worɓe e rewɓe, aadaaji heeferɓe, jimɗi e nder juulde jommbaajo, e golle ndonu rewɓe ko luutndii sariya.[30] Ɓooytaani, suka Danfodio heɓi jokkondire mawɗe e nder remooɓe e woɗɓe leslesɓe.[31]

Usmaan woppii e nder galle laamorɗo oo, huutorii doole mum ngam heɓde yamiroore sosde renndo diine e nder wuro mum Degel, ngo o yaakorii wonde ko wuro teskinngo. O woni ɗoon duuɓi 20, omo winnda, omo janngina, omo waajoo. No renndooji lislaam goɗɗi ɗii nii, ndimaagu renndooji juulɓe e les njiimaandi ulama en ina addana ɗum en waawde haɓaade laamu e mbaydi laamu lislaam e innde shari’a e kalifaandi ideal.[32]

O woni kadi ko e njiimaandi mushahada walla njiimaandi mistikaaji ɗi o wonnoo e mum ɗii. E hitaande 1789, yi’annde addani mo sikkude omo jogii doole golloraade kaawisaaji, e jannginde wird makko miskineeɓe, walla litany. Litaniiji makko ina keewi huutoreede haa jooni, ina ceerti e nder winndere lislaam.[33] E kitaale 1790, Usmaan caggal mum heɓi gite Abdul Qadir Gilani, (sosɗo tariqah Qadiri) e yahdu mum to asamaan, ɗo o fuɗɗii e nder Qadiriya e leñol ruuhuyankeewol Muhammadu. Usmaan caggal mum wonti hooreejo banndiraagal mum Qadiriyya ina nodda laɓɓingol golle lislaam.[34] Binndi makko diineeji ina kaala miijooji mujaddid (kesɗitinoowo) e darnde Ulama e jannginde daartol, e golle goɗɗe e ɗemngal Arab e ɗemngal Fula.[35]

Golle maantiniiɗe

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Danfodio winndii ko ɓuri teemedere deftere ko faati e Faggudu, Daartol, Sariya, Njuɓɓudi, Hakkeeji Rewɓe, laamu, Pinal, Politik e renndo. O winndi jimɗi 118 e ɗemɗe Arab, Fulfulde, e Hausa.[36]

Balogun (1981, PP. 43–48) winnditii doggol golle 115 rewrude e lowreeji ceertuɗi.[37] Teskaama e nder golle makko ko;[38]

1.Usul al-`Adl (Kuule nuunɗal)

2.Bayan Wujub al-hijrah `ala’l-`ibad7 (siftorde farilla eggude wonande Yimɓe).

3.Nur al Ibad (annoore maccuɓe)

4.Najm al-Ikhwan (hoodere jaaynde en)

5.Siraj al-Ikhwan (Lampa ngam banndiraaɓe)

6.Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (Ummital gollal Annabi e momtugol kesam-hesaagu fenaande)

7. Kitab al-farq (Deftere ceergal)

8. Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniya (Sifaa kesam-hesaagu seytaane)

9. Abd Al-Qadir b. Mustafā (naamne sappo ɗe ‘Uthmanb. Fūdī waɗi e aayeeji e nder gooto e jimɗi makko ɗi ngonaa aarabeeɓe.)

10. Ādāb al-‘ādāt

11. Ādāb al-akira

12.‘Adad al-da’i ilaa al-day

13. Akhlaaq al-mustafa

14. Al-Abyat ‘ala ‘Abdul-Kaadir al-Jilāni

15. Al-adab.

16. Al-ajwibah al-muharrara ‘an al-as’ilat al-muqarrara fî wathīqat Shīsmas.

17.‘Allaamat Almuttabi‘ nder sunna Rasūl Alla min al-rijāl wa-al-nisā’

18. Al-amr bi-al-ma’ruf wa-al-nahi an al-munkar (yamirde moƴƴere e haɗde bonannde)

19. Al-amr bi-muwālāt al-mu’minīn wa-al-nahy ‘muwālāt al-kafirīn.

20. Al- ‘aql al-awwal.

21. Al-dalī ko Sheek ‘Usmaan.

22. Al-farq baina ‘ilm usūl al-day wa baina ‘ilm al-kalām.

23. Al-farq baina wilayāt ahl al-kufr fi wilayātihim wa-baina wilayāt hl al-islaam fii wilayātihim

24. Al-fasl awwal

25. Al-hamziyaa

26. Al-jaami’.

27. Al-jihaadi

28. Al-khabar al-hadi ilaa umur al-imam al-mahdi

Reformeeji

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Hakkeeji rewɓe

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Golle mawɗe gadane ɗe Danfodio ƴetti e fuɗɗoode golle mum ko jaŋde rewɓe e nder renndo. Shehu’en ñiŋii ulama’en ngam yejjiteede feccere e aadee’en e ‘’accude ɗum’en no daabaaji nii’ (Nur al-Albab, hello 10, ko Shagari & Boyd, 1978, hello 39 ƴetti).[39] O jaabtii e dow hoolaare jaabawol ngol Elkanemi mo Borno ƴetti ngam haɓaade ɗum (ibid. pp. 84–90).

O fotndi jannginde e jannginde ɓiɓɓe makko worɓe e rewɓe jokkuɓe e golle makko caggal makko.[40] Ɓiɓɓe makko rewɓe heewɓe njalti ko e annduɓe e winndooɓe. Haa teeŋti e ɓiyiiko debbo biyeteeɗo Nana Asma’u firti yoga e golle baaba mum e ɗemɗe nokku oo.

Ko ɗum huunde teskinnde e oon sahaa sabu Danfodio fellitii wonde rewɓe ina poti heɓde jaŋde no worɓe nii, ko noon o waɗtiri ɗum en e nder cuuɗi janngirɗe gooti.[41]

Peewnugol faggudu

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Shehu en ñiŋii no feewi laamɓe Hausa en sabu njoɓdi mum en teeŋtundi e ƴattaade sariya juulɓe. O ‘ñaagii tooñannge, kala tooñannge, dokkugol e jaɓgol njoɓdi, ƴettugol njoɓdi ndi wonaa nuunɗundi, ƴettugol leydi e doole, ƴaañgol gese yimɓe woɗɓe tawa yamiraaka, ittugol kaalis e miskineeɓe, kasoo e tuumeede fenaande e denndaangal tooñanngeeji goɗɗi (Shagari e Boyd, p71.5). Almuɓɓe Shehu’en ɗon ƴama ngam ɓe ɗon ƴama ɓe ɗon ƴama. Ɓe cemmbinaama ngam janngude karallaagal ngam dañde nguura. Ina sikkaa ñaamde ko neɗɗo dañaani e doole mum’, ina fotaani’. Ɓe mbaɗi golle juuɗe ceertuɗe ngam feewnude ko ina haani e nguurndam (Shagari e Boyd, 1978,. p. 18).

O wiyi ko ngam ummital juɓɓule faggudu lislaam laaɓtuɗe ko wayi no al-hisbah, hima, bayt al-mal (kaalis dowla), Zakat, Waqf ekn... Ko ɓuri heewde e miijooji makko faggudu ina tawee e deftere makko Bayan Wujub al-Hijrah `ala’-Ibad. Golle goɗɗe ɗe won miijooji faggudu tawaa heen ko Kitab al-Farq, Siraj al-Ikwan, Bayan Bid’ah al-Shaytaniya, Najm al-Ikwaan e Nur al-Ibad.[42]

Siistem faggudu

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Shehu ina ɗaɓɓi sosde njuɓɓudi faggudu tuugiindi e nafooje ko wayi no nuunɗal, nuunɗal, njuɓɓudi, neɗɗaagal, nuunɗal ekn... E wiyde makko nuunɗal ko coktirgal yahrude yeeso tawi tooñannge ina addana neɗɗo ŋakkeende. Laamu nuunɗungu ina waawi duumaade hay so tawii ko e majjere kono ngu waawaa duumaade e tooñannge(Dan Fodio, 1978, p. 142). To bannge goɗɗo oo o jeertinii golle ɗe moƴƴaani ko wayi no fenaande, njulaagu e njulaagu e batte mum en bonɗe e nder faggudu (Dan Fodio, 1978, p. 142). O toowni golle e golle tiiɗɗe, o salii ñaagaade. O hirjini almuudo makko nde o naatata e dañde nguura hay so ko e golle gaadoraaɗe (Kani, 1984, pp. 86–87). Feccere golle e gollondiral ina njogii nokku toowɗo no feewi e miijo makko faggudu (Balogun, 1985, hello 30, ko Sule Ahmed Gusau, 1989 ƴetti).[43] Jeyi keɓaaɗo e fenaande maa ƴette, kaalis keɓaaɗo oo waɗee e kaalis leydi ndii.

Shehu ina teeŋtini no feewi golle luumo Fair. E nder deftere makko Bayan al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (Ko fayti e newingol seytaane) o haɗi majjere yeeyde e nder luumo. Ko ngam nuunɗal e nder njulaagu e nder luumo hee o teeŋtinii ummital juɓɓule Hisba ɗe golle mum en mbaɗata ko ƴeewtaade cogguuli, ƴeewtaade sifaa marsandiis, teddeendi e peeje laaɓtuɗe, haɗde golle Fenaande e Usurious, ittude Monopolisation des produits, ekn (The SheB-Syah al-Syah ko Kani ƴetti ɗum, hello 65).[44]

Jawdi renndo

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E dow njaru laamu, Shehu tuugnii miijooji mum ko e Ibnu Al-Juza’iy (maayɗo 741/1340) e Al-Gazali (maayɗo 505-1111). E nder deftere makko feewde e Emir en, Shehu teeŋtinii njaru e Defaare e peewnugol kaɓirɗe e yoɓde soldateeɓe. So tawii won ko heddii, ina yahra e ñaawooɓe, e ardiiɓe dowla, ngam mahngo juulirɗe e ponte caggal ɗuum feccaa e miskineeɓe. So tawii won ko heddii haa jooni, Amiir ina jogii feere rokkude ɗum alɗuɓe walla jogaade ɗum (e nder bayt al-mal) ngam haɓaade musibbaaji baawɗi arde (ibid. p. 131, Gusau, 1989, p. 144–45).[45]

E wiyde Shehu, zakat al-fitr (miskineeɓe fotɓe yoɓeede e juulde koorka) ina yoɓee e miskineeɓe e waasɓe tan. Ngalu dowla wonaa miskineeɓe tan. Walla kadi alaa e sago yoɓeede no fotiri e denndaangal koye njaru (Gusau, 1989, pp. 144–145).

Reformeeji leydi

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Leyɗeele fof ko e jeyi laamu. Shehu hollitii leyɗeele ɗee kala ko Waqf, walla jeyi renndo ngoo fof. Kono Sultan ina rokka leydi yimɓe walla galleeji, hono no amiir waawirta nii. Hono leydi ndii ina waawi ronkude yimɓe galle kono ndi waawataa yeeyde. Taƴre leydi naatnaa.

Baɗte Jihaadi

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Iwdi e sosngo

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E hitaande 1780–1790, innde Usmaan ɓeydii mawnude nde o ñaagii nuunɗal e neɗɗaagu, o renndini yimɓe woɗɗuɓe e renndo Hausa en.[46] Remooɓe Hausa en, jiyaaɓe e waajotooɓe ina mballita Usmaan, kam e durooɓe Toureg, Fulbe e Fulɓe ɓe njoɓdi mum en ɓuri heewde e jawdi mum en ndi ardiiɓe laamu doole nanngata.[47] Ɗee renndooji durooɓe ardii ɗum en ko diineeji hoɗɓe e renndooji teeru ɗi ngonaa haalooɓe Fulfulde, jokkondirɓe e durooɓe no feewi. Heewɓe e almuɓɓe Usmaan caggal ɗuum njoginoo birooji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e dowlaaji kesi ɗii. Jihaadi Usmaan waɗii ngam naatnude leƴƴi keewɗi e nder dingiral gootal diine-politik.[48] Sultan oo jaabiima no feewi e Dental Lislaam Danfodio. Won e terɗe Jamaa’en ngoppitaa.[49]

E nder deftere Sheek, “Tanbih al-ikhwan”, en keɓii haala miñiiko ko waɗi Jihaadi fuɗɗaade. Ɗum ko Abdullaah haali ɗum e dow tiiɗnaare Sheek e hoore mum

Laamiiɗo Gobir nden fuɗɗi ƴamtugo yoga e almuɓɓe Sheeks, hulɓini ɓe. O neldi kampaañ ngam haɓaade ɓe, e nder heen, konu makko nanngi yoga e worɓe men, haa arti noon e rewɓe e sukaaɓe mum en, ɓe puɗɗii yeeyde ɓe maccuɓe e yeeso gite men. Min ndartinaama hay so tawii ko noon min mbaawirta heɓtaade min e koye amen.

Haa ragare, Sarkin Gobir neldi nulal haa Shehu, o yamiri mo o hoosa saare maako, o wurta wuro maako ammaa o waawataa yahdugo bee maako koo gooto nder tokkooɓe maako.Ndeen Sheek jaabi;

" Mi seertataa e leñol am, kono miɗo heppi yaltude e kala yiɗɓe rewde mi. Suɓiiɓe jokkude ina mbaawi waɗde ɗum’. Min mbaɗii Hijra amen gila e hakkunde maɓɓe e oon alkamiisa e hitaande 1218 (1804). Ñalnde 12 lewru Zulki’da min njottii ladde maɓɓe ɓurnde making to juulɓe min Sarkin Gobir yamiri wonɓe e laamu les makko yo nanngu jawdi waɗooɓe Hijra, ɓe kaɗa yimɓe maɓɓe arde jokkondirde e amen...”

— Abdulaahi ɓii Foodiyo, Tanbih Al-Ikhwan

E hitaande 1788–89, Laamu Gobir fuɗɗii ustaade, nde tawnoo doole Shehu ina ɓeydoo. Nde tawnoo Bawa Jan Gwarzo ina hulɓinii Sultan Gobir, mo duuɓi 75, mo ñawɗo oo, noddi Shehu to Magami e nder juulde juulde.[50] Annduɓe galle laamɗo ɓee fof kawri e almuɓɓe Danfodio ina njalta Sultan. Danfodio dañii heɓde 5 konsiyeeji lolluɗi ɗii. Ko ɗeen ngoni ɗe Danfodio ɗaɓɓi;[51]

  1. Nde kasoo fof yoo woppu

2. Nde kala ɓoorniiɗo Turban (Maande renndo lislaam Shehu - Jama'a) teddinee.

3. Ngam accude noddude Alla

4. Kadi hay gooto fotaani haɗde jaabaade noddaango ngoo.

5. Nde laamɓe makko ngoppataa njoɓdi.

Luural e Nafata

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Caggal nde Bawa sankii, doole Gobir ina njokki ustaade sabu hareeji e dowlaaji keddiiɗi ɗii. Yaaqub ɓii Bawa waraa e wolde, gaññeeje hakkunde Gobir e Zamfara ɓuuɓtii.[52] To wuro Zurmi,Ali Al-faris, hooreejo Leñol Alibawa e Fulɓe, Gobirawa wari, Alibawa en caggal ɗuum maa njokkondir e Shehu en. Zamafarawa en kadi, ɓe Gobirawa njippini ko ɓooyaani koo, ngoni kadi e murto, Nafata alaa baawɗe ustude murto ngoo. To galle, Shehu ina heɓa jokkondire keewɗe e dow ballal Sultan.[53]

E hitaande 1797–98, laamɗo Nafata mo Gobir e nder etaade mumtude laamu Shehu fellitii lelnude won e golle lislaam. O haɗi Sheek'en waajaade, renndo lislaam ɓoornaade wutteeji e wutteeji (Hijab), o haɗi naatde e diine, o yamiri naatɓe e diine lislaam yo ngartu e diine mum en ɓooyɗo.[54][55] Ko noon bayyinaango ngoo wayliri politik Sultan Gobir Bawa waɗnoo duuɓi sappo ko adii ɗuum.[56] Ɗum mettini no feewi e Usmaan nde winndi e deftere mum Tanbih al-Ikhwan 'ala away al-Sudan ("Ko faati e laamu leydi men e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe mum e nder leydi Sudaan") Usmaan winndi: "Laamu leydi ko laamu laamɗo mum tawa naamnaaka. So laamɗo mum ko juulɗo leydi ndi wonaa leydi mum; ko leydi goonɗinɓe E nder ɗeen ɗoon geɗe, kala neɗɗo ina foti yaltude heen yahde leydi ngoɗndi".[57]

Eɓɓoore warngo

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E hitaande 1802, Yunfa, lomto Nafata, gonnooɗo almuudo Usmaan, ruttitii e makko, woppi ndimaagu Degel, etii warde Usmaan to Alkalawa. O nanngi yoga e tokkooɓe Shehus, o nanngaa.[58] Caggal nde eɓɓoore ndee heɓaani, Yunfa ƴetti ballal to ardiiɓe dowlaaji Hawsa keddiiɗi ɗii, o jeertini ɓe wonde Usmaan ina waawi umminde jihaadi yaajndi.[59]

Yunfa e timmoode hitaande mum adannde fotndi e murto ummoraade e Zamfara, e njiimaandi Katsina, e Sullubawa en wonɓe e Katsina, e renndo juulɓe ɓe ɓeydotoo semmbe e ɓe ngonaa restive e les njiimaandi Shehu.[60]

Kiriis oo yaawi ko nde diɗɗal Gobir ngal arti Alkalawa e kasooji juulɓe waɗi ngam woppitde ɓe nde tawnoo ngal yahri ko to Degel ɗo renndo juulɓe ɓuri heewde. Yunfa hay so wonaa e yamiroore njillu nguu, waawaano yejjiteede e caɗeele ɗee. Jaabawol Yunfa ko etaade warde Sheek.[61] Konu Yunfa yani e Gimbana, juulɓe nanngaa.

Eggugol/Eggugol/Hijra

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Ko e oon sahaa Danfodio winndi deftere Masa'il muhimma ɗo o holliti Waɗde eggude e dow juulɓe torraaɓe.[62] E kulhuli njiyaagu ummoraade e Gobir, renndo juulɓe ina foti yettaade konu Yunfa. Hay so ɓe peewnitaaki, ɓe ndogi ɓe payi Gudu, ko balɗe nay walla joyi, ko ina wona kilooji capanɗe jeegom.[63] Wonaa gooto fof waawi waɗde yahdu nduu, ganndo Tuareg, Agali ina joginoo defte Shehu dow gelooɗi e pucci ina foti hootde to e gelooɗi ngam wallitde e udditde.

Caggal nde ɓe ndogi Degel, renndooji juulɓe goɗɗi e nder Hausaland puɗɗii naatde e fedde egguɓe Danfodio. Muhammed Bello, yahi Kebbi e lesɗe goɗɗe koɗdiiɗe ina renndina Pamflets ina nodda juulɓe ngam eggude (Hijra). Ko e oo sahaa deftere Wathiqat ahl-Sudan ndee cirƴaa (nelal feewde e yimɓe Hausaland) ina waɗi jamirooje juutɗe ko fayti e ko lislaam foti waɗde e hol ko woni sabaabu golle doole wonande juulɗo no neɗɗo gooto e juulɓe no renndo nii.[64]Eggooɓe ina njokki e naatde e Shehu fotde lebbi caggal hijjoore adannde, won heen ina ngarta e ɓesnguuji mum en e geɗe mum en tawa ngalaa.

Laamcfo Gobir ina wondi e sunaare e ustaare yimve e nder laamu mum, etinooma haɗde eggugol ngol ɓeydaade, e 6eydude e 6eydude jawdi rew6e kono alaa ko nafi (cf. 24)[65]

Sehilaaɓe tedduɓe

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To Degel bee Shehu woni baaba maako, Muhammadu Fodiye, mawniiko, Ali e miñiiko, Abdullahi.

Neɗɗo goɗɗo teskitinaaɗo ko Umar Al-Kammu, sehil makko ɓurɗo ɓadaade mo, gardinooɗo mo e ñalngu nguu, nde o yiɗi warde Yunfa. O woni tataɓo caggal Abdullahi e Muhammed Bello e salminde Shehu hono Kumaniiɗo Goonɗinɓe. O woniino keso e nder Jihaadi. O tawtoraama e wolde Tsuntsua, kono o sankii ko yeeso Sheek to Birnin Fulani sara Zauma. Hedde makko caggal ɗuum Bello addi ɗum Sokoto ɗo o wirnaa sara Shehu.

Binndi: E nder deftere Raud Al-jinan,17 binndi ina cifaa, teskaama e nder majji ko Al-Mustapha, mawɗo binndi. Ɗiɗi ina mbiyaa Al-Maghribi, ina hollita iwdi Afrik worgo e goɗɗo oo "Malle" ina hollita iwdi Mali.

Limaam en : Teskaama e maɓɓe ko Imaam Muhammadu Sambo maayɗo e wolde Tsuntsua ; Muezzin Ahmadu Al-Sudaani mo maayi ko yaawi to Sarma ko adii Jihaadi; Muhammadu Shibi; M. Mijji, Yero ekn.

Suleymaan Wodi : Neldaama e ɓataake feewde e Sarkin Gobir e fuɗɗoode Jihaadi. Caggal ɗuum waɗii golle keso.

62 hoɗdiiɓe. Nde juulbe njahi Alkalawa ngam hawtugo bee Bawa, wi'i woodi anndube ko buri ujineere bee Sheek.[66] To wuro Tsuntsua, Bello wiyi 2 000 neɗɗo maayi heen, heen 200 ko siftorɓe Quraana.

Yaasi cirkel Sheek oo, 69 annduɓe woɗɓe cifaaɗe e Raud Al-jinan, tataɓal maɓɓe ina gasa tawa ko Fulɓe walla ina njogii inɗe Fulɓe ina kollita iwdi Fulɓe.

Wonande mbaydiiji leƴƴi, Murray Last siftinii deftere Rawd al-jinan, so wonaa renndo ɓadiiɗo Shehus ummoriiɗo Degel, 69 annduɓe woɗɓe cifaa, ko ina wona tataɓal ko Fulɓe walla ina njogii inɗe Fulɓe kollitooje iwdi Fulɓe, "kono hujja doggol ngol feeñaani:ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji ɗii ko adanɗi, tawi 15 e heddiiɓe ɓee ina nganndiraa jokkondirde"[67]

Bayyinaango Jihaadi

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Feññinde ko Kumaniiɗo Gooŋɗinɓe.

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Nde kaaldigal hakkunde renndo juulɓe e Gobir woni e ŋoŋɗi, ko ɗum waɗi njangu ina jogori arde, juulɓe peewnitii defte, cuɓii hooreejo. Innde Abdullahi dan Fodio ƴettaa, kanndidaaji goɗɗi ɗii ko Umar Al-Kammu e Imaam Muhammadu Sambo, caggal ɗuum ko Muhammed Bello suɓii. Almuɓɓe Usmaan innitiri mo hooreejo gooŋɗinɓe (Amīr al-Muʾminīn) ɓe cuɓi mo hooreejo. Ɓe ndokki kadi Usmaan innde Sarkin Muslim (Hooreejo juulɓe).[68] Idii waɗde salminaango ko Abdullaahi dan Fodio, caggal ɗuum ko Muhammed Bello. Danfodio ina mawni (duuɓi 50) ina famɗi semmbe, fotaani tawtoreede hare ndee. Darnde ndee ko kewu tan (cf. 24).[69]

Haa lewru abriil nder hitaande woore, Renndo Juulɓe moofti haa Gudu, ɓe ɗonno hesɗitina haɓdugo bee konu pucci Gobir ummotooɗum. Noddaango Jihaadi ngoo yaajii e nder Hausaland haa e caggal mum no yiyraa e ndee yimre nde ganndo Bornu gooto winndi;

Goonga, ruulde ina jooɗii e dow leydi Alla

Duule denndaaɗe haa dogde e mayre waawaa

Kala nokku gila Kordofan e Gobir

E gure Kindinaaɓe (Tuwaareg en) .

Nje koɗorɗe dawaaɗi Fellata (Bi la'ila)

Gollaade Alla e nder hoɗorde maɓɓe

(mi juroniima nguurndam Nelaaɗo e moƴƴere mum ɓurnde mawnude)

E moƴƴinde denndaangal diiwanuuji e diiwanuuji

Heeɗito ngam weltaare yeeso

So e ndee hitaande 1214 ɓe ngoni ko e rewde miijooji maɓɓe nafooji

Hono no sahaa nde aduna oo foti yuɓɓineede e waaju

Alaa! wonde miɗo anndi fof ko fayti e ɗemngal fowru.

— Ganndo Borno, e nder...

E nder hitaande ndee tan, Usmaan fuɗɗii jihaadi, o sosi Kalifaandi Sokoto.[70] E oon sahaa, Usmaan hawriino e yimɓe heewɓe e nder Fulɓe, remooɓe Hawsa en e njiimaandi Toureg en.[71] Ɗum waɗi mo gardiiɗo politik kam e diine, rokki mo mbaawka bayyinde e jokkude jihaadi, ummina konu, wonta hooreejo mum. Wonno fitinaaji keewɗi e nder leydi Hausaland e ardorde mum ɓuri heewde ko e Fulɓe e ballal mawngal e remooɓe Hausa en, ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ko ɓe ɓurɓe heewde njoɓdi e tooñanngeeji laamɓe maɓɓe.[72]

Caggal nde Usmaan holliti Jihaadi, o hawri e konu Hawsa en ngam haɓde e konu Yunfa to Tsuntua. Konu Yunfa, tawi ko konuuji Hawsa en e sehilaaɓe Tuareg en, fooli konu Usmaan, wari fotde 2 000 soldaat, heen 200 ko hafiz en (siftorɓe Quraan). Nasaraaku Yunfa juuti, Usmaan nanngi Kebbi e Gwandu nder hitaande nde'e.[73] E sahaa wolde ndee, jokkondiral Fulɓe ina yahra e laabi njulaagu e maayooji gonɗi e nder falnde Niiseer-Benue, kam e delta e laanaaji. Noddaango jihaadi ngoo yettaaki tan e dowlaaji Hawsa goɗɗi ko wayi no Kano, Daura, Katsina e Zazzau, kono kadi yettaaki Borno, Gombe, Adamawa e Nupe.[74]

Hare nde Tabkin Kwottoo

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Ko adii fof ko nde fedde tokosere soldateeɓe ummoriiɓe Gobir fiyi caggal (p. 24).[75] Juulɓe njahi ngam heɓugo Matankari e Konni, gure ɗiɗi mawɗe haa bannge woylaare maɓɓe. Feccere Booty ndee yahdaani e sariya lislaam ko ɗum waɗi Shehu toɗɗii Umar Al-Kammu ngam wonde keso.

Renndo juulɓe jeertinaama e ɓadtaade konu pucci Yunfa ko adii fof ko jom suudu Toureg, ɗiɗaɓol ko won e soldateeɓe Fulani Yunfa dogɓe e konu pucci. Yunfa adii ɓadtaade Sullubawa ngam jokkondirde hade mum yahde.

Dow semmbe konu pucci, Muhammed Bello wi'i konu pucci maako teemedere semmbiɗi ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo ɓe Tuareg'en, Sullubawa'en e Gobirawa'en nden konu Danfodio'en ɗon mari Hausa'en, Ful'en, Konni'en Fulɓe'en hokkata ballal nokkuure, Tuareg'en les ardungal Agali e Adar julɓe mo A jop ( A jorj julɓe kadi hawti bee ɓii Eraj'en. 27).

Hare Tabkin Kwotto waɗii e hitaande Rabi’ al-Awwal 1219 walla lewru suwee 1804, konu Gobir nguu ina jogii kaɓirɗe keewɗe e gardagol Yunfa, hawri e konu Jama’a mo alaa kaɓirɗe, ɓurɗo famɗude e gardagol Abdullaah. Hay so juulɓe ɓuri famɗude, ɓe ngalaa kaɓirɗe, ko pucci e boɗeeji seeɗa tan, ɓe mballiri ɗum ko geɗe joopaaɗe. To bannge gooto, ɗe ngoni ko e maayo ngo jooni joginoo ndiyam sabu toɓo. Leydi hay so ina ɓuuɓi ina suddii ladde teddunde kadi. Nafoore e moraal kadi ina toowi ; ina fadi halkaare so ɓe nanngaama.

To maayo Kwotto sara Gurdam, ngo woɗɗaani Gudu. Ɓooytaani hare ndee fuɗɗii, juulɓe mbaawi foolde konu Gobir en, ndeen ɓe ndogi. Abdullaah ina siftina no o ɓuuɓniri konu Gobir balɗe, e etaade addude ɗum e hare, tee ɓe ngoppaani hawrude e makko e nokku hare mo o suɓii. E peeje ngam heɓde caggal makko e taƴde laabi makko, konu Gobir nguu yahri bannge worgo to konu makko, ƴetti darnde sara maayo Kwotto (Tabkin Kwotto e ɗemngal Hausa), e dow leydi tufnde, tawi ko ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri e yeeso maɓɓe, ndi ɓe limtata ngam haɗde juulɓe ɓee woppude. Haa caggal lekki kii ina waɗi leydi udditiindi ndi konu pucci ina haani jippinde juulɓe. Ndeen ɓe ndewi ɗoon jamma, ɓe ɗaminii ko ñalnde heen ɓe keɓata ko weeɓi e juulɓe. Abdullaah mo limtunoo peeje ɗee, jogiiɗo hoolaare e yahdu konu mum e mbaawka fiyde moƴƴere e fiyooɓe mum, felliti haɓde e maɓɓe to maayo. Ɗoo, konu juulɓe ina waɗa juulde, ina fodani koye mum en maayde walla nafoore e nokku hare ƴiiƴam.

Hare ndee fuɗɗii ko hedde waktuuji 12 kikiiɗe e hare ardiinde ummoraade e Abdullaah, hare ndee ndeen yaawi waylude wonti hare juuɗe e juuɗe ƴiiƴam, waɗeteende e laylayti, kaafaaje e balɗe juutɗe. Haa kikiiɗe, Gobirawa en keɓii, ɓe njirliima, ɓe njiɗi ko dogde. Kanko Yunfa, o yaawi dogde e ladde hare. Ndee hare ɓeydii semmbe renndo juulɓe. Abdullaah jokki e winndude ɓataakeeji ina nodda juulɓe woɗɓe ngam tawtoreede haɓooɓe jaaltaaɓe ɓee. E ɗuum, konu juulɓe heɓi ballal mawngal ummoraade e ƴeewooɓe adanɓe.

Ɓooygol nguura

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Toɓooji 1804 puɗɗiima tawo kono nguura ko adii nde hitaande ndee fuɗɗotoo ina famɗi haa jooni. Wuro ngo ina wondi e hoɗdiiɓe, ɓe njiɗaa yeeyde Maasa e renndo juulɓe. So ɓuuɓri nguura gasii tan ko yahde nokku keso. E wiyde Murray Last, Kampaañiji Jihaadi ɗii ina paamniree e ɗeen kelme ; njiylawu nguura, ko jiidaa e durngo e ndiyam jawdi ndii.

Caggal nafoore to Tabkin Kwotto, won laamɓe nokkuuji ɗii puɗɗii jokkondirde e Shehu teskini e nder maɓɓe ko ardiiɓe Mafara, Burmi e Donko heddii tan ko Sarki Gummi to Zamfara Fuɗnaange-rewo ngam wallitde Gobir. Ɓe anndi Shehu duuɓi 20 ko adii nde o woni e njilluuji makko waaju to Zamfara. Ɓe neldi yeeyooɓe e nguura to Renndo Juulɓe, kono e wiyde Muhammed Bello, sehilaagal maɓɓe ko sabu gaññeeje maɓɓe e Gobir ɓuri toon jogaade Lislaam walla haaju e peewnugol. (hello 27). Haa jooni haala ŋakkeende nguura safraaka. Remooɓe ina ŋakkiraa muñal.

Hare Tsuntsua

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E ndema e lewru oktoobar 1804, set gadano kampaañ doolnuɗo oo fuɗɗii, mbaawi ruttaade e falndeeji ɗii e nder laddeeji, ɓe ngoni ko e kisal e hare pucci. Ɓe ɓeydoo dañde ndimaagu yahde, ko ɗum waɗi ɓe ngummii ko e caggal leydi laamorgo Gobir, hono Alkalawa.

Mualimaaji ɗii ngoni ko e foolde haa jooni, ɓe mbaawi heɓtude gure keewɗe e nder Gobir. Eɓɓoore hakkundeere nde Sarki mo Gummi waɗi ndee, heɓaani nafoore sabu juulɓe ina njogii semmbe hannde ngam diwtude sarɗiiji kala nanondiral. Ɓe ɗaɓɓi nde Yunfa oo artata e hoore mum to Sheek oo.

Juulɓe ina njokki e dañde sehilaaɓe. Konu Gobir fuɗɗii ƴattaade sehilaaɓe mum en Sullubawa nde won heen puɗɗii yiɗde Shehu en. To keeri Adar e Gobir, fedde juulɓe e les njiimaandi Tuareg Agali ina haɓa. To Gobir Fuɗnaange-rewo, to Zamfara ɓooyɗo, juulɓe ina njoginoo sehilaaɓe woɗɓe ; fulɓe Alibanawa ɓe tampi e juuɗe Gobir.

Ko e lewru Ramadaan, Nde tawnoo jooni ko juulɓe ɓee ngoni ko e yahde ñalnde wootere haa laamorgo ngoo, eɓe ceerti ngam yiylaade nguura, konu Gobir e sehilaaɓe mum Tuareg en mbaɗi njillu to Tsuntsua, kilooji ɗiɗi e laamorgo ngoo. E wiyde Muhammed Bello, juulɓe mbaasii fotde 2000 neɗɗo, heen 200 ina nganndi Quraan e ɓerɗe. Muhammed Bello ina wondi e rafi tawa Abdullaahi dan Fodio ina wondi e koyngal. Ina jeyaa e maayɓe ɓee banndiraaɓe Shehu hono Imaam Muhammadu Samo, Zaid bin Muhammadu Sa'ad e Mahmuud Gurdam.

Caggal nde ɓe keɓi foolde to Tsuntsua, juulɓe njooɗii heddiiɓe e Ramadaan e nder falnde nde hade maɓɓe fuɗɗaade yahde dow maayo feewde Zamfara e lewru Yarkomaa e Feebariyee ngam yiylaade nguura.

Nanngugol Kebbi

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Won ɗo e nder Zamfara Fuɗnaange, juulɓe mbaɗti sehilaaɓe. Hay so tawii Zamfarawa en ɓuri heewde ko heeferɓe, ɓe ɓuri waawde haɓaade Gobirawa en e juulɓe. Duuɓi 50 ko adii jooni, Gobirawa en ndartiniino Zamfara, ina njiyloo leydi ndii, ina ndiiwta mooliiɓe Zamfarawa en.

E fuɗɗoode, njillu nguu to Sabon Gari ko e Kebbi e Gobir, caggal ɗuum ko e gure nokkuuje Zamfara. Laawol Kebbi ngol wonnoo ko e les njiimaandi Waasiir Abdullahi e Ali Jedo, hooreejo konu nguu. Laamorde Kebbi ƴettaa, Kebbawa dogi Fuɗnaange dow maayo. Kebbi wonnoo ko nokku peewnoowo no feewi nde tawnoo jooni ina addana yah-ngartaa garoowo to Gwandu waawde waɗde kadi ina addana koɗorɗe duumiiɗe soseede toon, ɗum joofna yah-ngartaa juulɗo juutɗo teskinɗo. E nder ɗuum gila Sabon Gari, njilluuji neldaama heen feccere ngam mooftude nguura, feccere ngam waɗde leydi ndi kisal wonande juulɓe.

Nde Kebbi woni jooni e les njiimaandi juulɓe, e nde tuugnorgal mum en woni e kisal, juulɓe ina mbaawi jokkude hare mawnde e Gobir tawa ina famɗi ɗo ɓe mbaawi ruttaade e musiiba to Tsuntsua (p. 34)[76]

Hare Alwassa

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Ɓooytaani caggal nde ɓe njottii Gwandu, juulɓe ɓee kawri e njiimaandi Gobirawa, Tuwaareg e Kebbawa paani. Juulɓe ɗoo kadi majjii fotde ujunnaaje neɗɗo e wiyde Muhammed Bello kono nde njanngu nguu fuɗɗii e dow Gwandu, nokku ɓurɗo ɓuuɓde oo weltiniri juulɓe, haɗi gelooɗi tuwaareg en, ɓooyaani ko juulɓe ndiiwi njiimaandi ndii.

Foolde Gobir jeertinii heewɓe e laamɓe e mawɓe Hawsa en, heewɓe e maɓɓe puɗɗii hare tiiɗnde e renndooji lislaam en e nder leyɗeele mum en. E nder ɗuum, embargo njulaagu waɗaama e wuro Gudu e saraaji mum. Ko ɗoo jokkondiral Shehu e Zamfara naati. Hay so tawii noon, hollitaama wonde amity Zamfara ko sabu gaño maɓɓe e Gobir, jibinaaka e jokkude Lislaam.[77]

Caggal wolde Kwotto, ina laaɓi wonde hannde Jihaadi nattii wonde haala daɗndude Gobir, kono ko haala hisnude sabaabu Lislaam, mo laamɓe Hawsa en njogori halkude. E teskaade ɗuum, Sheek toɗɗii ardiiɓe sappo e nayo, neldi ɓe to leyɗeele maɓɓe e renndooji maɓɓe, ngam ardaade leñol maɓɓe e Jihaadi ngam haɓaade añɓe maɓɓe ƴattooɓe ɓe. Ko ɗeen ƴellitaare addani Lislaam sarde no feewi e nder leydi Hawsa en fof haa e nokkuuji Bornu.

E hitaande 1808, Usmaan fooli laamɓe Gobir, Kano, Katsina e Laamuuji Hawsa goɗɗi.[78] Caggal duuɓi seeɗa tan, Usmaan tawi hoore mum ina ardii dowlaaji ɗii. Kalifaandi Sokoto wontiino dowla ɓurɗo mawnude e fuɗnaange Saharaa e oon sahaa. E hitaande 1812, laamu kalifaandi yuɓɓinaama, ɓiy Usmaan biyeteeɗo Muhammed Bello e miñi mum Abdullahi dan Fodio mbaɗi jihaadi e njuɓɓudi laamu hirnaange e fuɗnaange.[79] Hedde oon sahaa, Usmaan arti e jannginde e winndude ko fayti e Lislaam. Usmaan kadi golliima ngam sosde laamu cemmbinngu tuugiiɗo e sariyaaji lislaam.[80]

Kalifaandi Sokoto ko jillondiral dowla Islaamiyankeewo e laamu Hawsa en wayluɓe. Muhammed Bello nastini njuɓɓudi lislaam, ñaawooɓe juulɓe, ƴeewooɓe luumooji e ardiiɓe juulde toɗɗaa, kadi njuɓɓudi lislaam e njoɓdi leydi ndii sosaa, tawa ina waɗi ngalu e dow leydi ndi mbiyaten kharaj e njoɓdi ndi ɓe njoɓata e fannuuji gooto gooto ina wiyee jizya, hono no jamaanu lislaam ɓooyɗo nii. Fulɓe hoɗɓe e jawdi ndariindi njooɗiima, ɓe mbaɗti ɗum en e remde baali e be’i, e nder eɓɓoore ngam naatde e les njiimaandi sariya juulɓe. Juulirɗe e Madrasaaji ina mahaa ngam jannginde yimɓe, Lislaam. Dowla ina joginoo annduɓe diine walla mallam en heewɓe. Suufiyankaagal naati jaajde. Ɗemɗe Arab, Hausa e Fulfulde njiyii ummital yimre, Lislaam jannginaama e Hausa e Fulfulde.[81]

Wade

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E hitaande 1815, Usmaan ummii Sokoto, Bello mahi mo galle e saraaji rewo. Usmaan sankii ko e wuro ngoon ñalnde 20 abriil 1817, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 62. Caggal maayde makko, ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Muhammed Bello, lomtii mo amir al-mu’minin, o woni kaliifa ɗiɗaɓo kalifaandi Sokoto. Abdullahi, miñiiko Usmaan, rokkaama tiitoonde Amiir Gwandu, o waɗtaa e gardagol Emiraaji Hirnaange Nupe. Nii woni, denndaangal dowlaaji Hawsa en, geɗe Nupe e Fulani en to Bauchi e Adamawa, fof ko njuɓɓudi politik-diine gooto laaminoo. E hitaande 1830, jihaadi oo yani e ko ɓuri heewde e ko wiyetee hannde Fuɗnaange-Niiseer e worgo Kameruun. Gila e jamaanu Usman ɗan Fodio haa e jamaanu Biritaannaaɓe e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire ina waɗi kaliifaaji sappo e ɗiɗo.[82]

Njawdi

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Usmaan yi’aama nder Encyclopedia Britannica bana hooreejo ɓurduɗo mawnugo nder reforme Sudaan Hirnaange nder teeminannde 19ɓiire.[83] Julɓe ina njiyra mo no Mujaddid (kesɗitinoowo iimanaagal).[84] Heewɓe e yimɓe ɓe Usman ɗan Fodio ardii ɓee mbeltiima no feewi nde laamɓe dowlaaji Hawsa en njiylotoo lislaam e geɗe diine aadaaji diiwaan oo. Usmaan sosi dowla teokraasi mo firo lislaam ɓuri tiiɗde. E nder Tanbih al-ikhwan 'ala ahwal al-Sudan, o winndi: "Ko fayti e sultan'en, sikke alaa ko ɓe goonɗinɓe, hay so tawii ɓe mbaawi wiyde ko ɓe diine Lislaam, sabu ɓe mbaɗata ko diineeji juulɓe e ɓe mbayla yimɓe e laawol Alla e ɓe ƴetta lefol laamu aduna tosus the unaccord of Lislaam fof." miijooji".[85] E nder Lislaam caggal leydi aarabeeɓe, David Westerlund winndii : « jihaadi waɗii dowla teokraasi fedde, jogiiɗo ndimaagu yaajngu wonande emiraaji, jaɓoowo laamu ruuhuyankeewu kaliifa walla sultan Sokoto ».[86] Usmaan hollitii e nder defte mum ko o yi’i ko ina wona ŋakkeende e ŋakkeende laamɓe Afriknaaɓe ɓe ngonaa juulɓe walla juulɓe innde. Won e tuume ɗe o tuumi ko fenaande e nder toɓɓe njuɓɓudi laamu ceertuɗe e waasde jogaade hakkeeji yimɓe aadee en. Usmaan kadi ñiŋii njoɓdi teeŋtundi e haɗde njulaagu e njulaagu dowlaaji Hawsa en e dow sarɗiiji. Dan Fodio ina goongɗini dowla mo alaa doosgal binndaangal, tuugiiɗo e Quraana, Sunna e ijma.[87]

Nguurndam neɗɗo

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E nder hitaande Rawd al-Janaan (Laddeeji Aljanna), Waziri Gidado ɗan Laima (1777-1851) limti ɗan rewɓe Fodio ko ɓiɗɗo mawniiko gadano Maymuna e ɗan Aisha ko Muhammad Sa’d. E Maymuna o dañi ɓiɓɓe 11, ina heen Aliyu (kitaale 1770-1790) e ɓiɗɓe ɗiɗo Hasan (1793- Noowammbar 1817) e Nana Asmaʼu (1793-1864). Aisha ina anndiraa kadi Gaabdo (‘Seyo’ e ɗemngal Fulfulde) e Iyya Garka (Hausa ngam ‘Laamɗo suudu/kompaañ’). O lolliri ko ganndal lislaam e wonde matriarch galle. O ɓuri gorko makko wuurde duuɓi capanɗe keewɗi. Ina jeyaa e woɗɓe, ko kanko woni yumma Muhammadu Saad (1777 – ko adii 1800).[88]

Binndi

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Usman ɗan Fodio "winndii teemedde golle dow gannde lislaam gila e diine, fiqh Maliki, ñiŋooje hadiis, yimre e ruuhu lislaam", ko ɓuri heewde e majji ko e ɗemngal aarabeeɓe.[89] O winndi kadi fotde 480 jimɗi e ɗemngal Arab, Fulfulde e Hausa.[90]

E nder fijirde

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Usman ɗan Fodio feeñii ko e mbaydi fijirde e nder pijirlooji wideyoo 2020 ɗi Duuɓi Laamlaamuuji III: Edition Definitive.

Ƴeew kadi

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Laamuuji Hausa

Taariiha lesdi Naajeeriya

Makera Assada

Muhammadu Al-Magiili

Muhammadu bello

Nana Asmaa'u

Sokotoo

Kalifaajo Sokoto

Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde usmanu danfodiyo

Teskorɗe

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Innde makko timmunde ko Usmaan ɓii Muhammadu ɓii Usmaan ɓii Saalih ɓii Haarun ɓii Muhammadu Ghurdu ɓii Muhammadu Jubba ɓii Muhammadu Sambo ɓii Maysiran ɓii Ayyuuba ɓii Buba Baba ɓii Muusaa Jokolli ɓii Imaam Dembube.

Tuugnorgal

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  1. ↑ Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature" in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa, pp.
  2. ↑ Last, Murray. Genealogy of Shaikh Uthman b Fodiye and some Scholars related to him (PDF). Premium Times.
  3. ↑ I. Suleiman, The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio (1757–1817) (2009).
  4. ↑ T. A. Osae & S. N. Nwabara (1968). a Short history of WEST AFRICA A.D 1000–1800. Great Britain: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 80. ISBN 0-340-07771-9.
  5. ↑ "Karanta Cikakken Tarihin Shehu Usman Dan Fodio : Abubuwan da Yakamata Ku sani dangane da Rayuwar Mujaddadi Shehu Usman Dan Fodio" (in english). Retrieved 19 January 2023.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ↑ "Usman Dan Fodio's Biography". Fulbe History and Heritage (in Engeleere). 17 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  7. ↑ "Usman Dan Fodio, a great reformer". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  8. ↑ John O. Hunwick. "African And Islamic Revival" in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).
  9. ↑ "Suret-Canale, Jean. "The Social and Historical Significance of the Fulɓe Hegemonies in the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." In Essays on African History: From the Slave Trade to Neocolonialism. translated from the French by Christopher Hurst. C. Hurst & Co., London., pp. 25–55". Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  10. ↑ Last, Murray. "The Sokoto Caliphate".
  11. ↑ Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 469.
  12. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  13. ↑ Abubakar, Aliyu (2005). The Torankawa Danfodio Family. Kano, Nigeria: Fero Publishers.
  14. ↑ Last, Murray. Genealogy of Shaikh Uthman b Fodiye and some Scholars related to him (PDF). Premium Times.
  15. ↑ Bello, Ahmadu (1962). My life. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] : University Press. p. 239.
  16. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  17. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  18. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  19. ↑ Last, Murray (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Internet Archive. [New York] Humanities Press.
  20. ↑ Last, Murray. Genealogy of Shaikh Uthman b Fodiye and Some Scholars related to him c1800 (PDF). Premium Times.
  21. ↑ Hashimi, A.O. (2020). "Gender Balance and Arabic Cultivation: A Case Study of Selected Female Arabic Cultivators in Pre-Colonial Northern Nigeria" (PDF). Islamic University Multidisciplinary Journal. 7 (2): 132.
  22. ↑ "Usman dan Fodio | Fulani leader | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Engeleere). Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  23. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  24. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  25. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  26. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  27. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  28. ↑ "Usman dan Fodio | Fulani leader | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Engeleere). Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  29. ↑ Meredith, Martin (2014). The fortunes of Africa: a 5000-year history of wealth, greed, and endeavor. Internet Archive. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1-61039-459-8.
  30. ↑ "Keywords; history, nation building, Nigeria, role | Government | Politics". Scribd (in Engeleere). Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  31. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  32. ↑ Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 469.
  33. ↑ "الدلائل الشيخ عثمان ابن فودي" – via Internet Archive.
  34. ↑ Meredith, Martin (2014). The fortunes of Africa: a 5000-year history of wealth, greed, and endeavor. Internet Archive. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1-61039-459-8.
  35. ↑ Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 469.
  36. ↑ "Poems written by Usman dan Fodio (and others)". Endangered Archives Programme (in Engeleere). Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  37. ↑ Islahi, Abdul. (2008). Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and his economic ideas.
  38. ↑ Akintola, Ameer. (2023). Shaykh ‘Uthman bn Fodio : A Short History.
  39. ↑ Shagari, Shehu Usman Aliyu; Boyd, Jean (1978). Uthman Dan Fodio: The Theory and Practice of His Leadership (in Engeleere). Islamic Publications Bureau.
  40. ↑ "Usman Dan Fodio, a great reformer". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  41. ↑ "THE WOMEN AROUND DANFODIO". Gainaako (in Engeleere). 2014-03-09. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  42. ↑ Abdul Azim Islahi (1 January 2008). "Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and his economic ideas" (pdf). MPRA (Paper N. 40916). Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah: 7. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 – via researchgate.net].
  43. ↑ Gusau, Sule Ahmed, 1989, “Economic Ideas of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio, JIMMA, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 139-151.
  44. ↑ Kani, Muhammad Ahmad (1984), The intellectual origin of Sokoto jihad, Ibadan, Imam Publication.
  45. ↑ Gusau, Sule Ahmed, 1989, “Economic Ideas of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio, JIMMA, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 139-151.
  46. ↑ "Usman dan Fodio | Fulani leader | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Engeleere). Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  47. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  48. ↑ Lapidus, pg 470
  49. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  50. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  51. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  52. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  53. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  54. ↑ "Usman dan Fodio | Fulani leader | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Engeleere). Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  55. ↑ Lapidus, pg 470
  56. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  57. ↑ Usman dan Fodio: Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  58. ↑ "Usman Dan Fodio: Progenitor Of The Sokoto Caliphate". The Republican News (in Engeleere). 14 October 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  59. ↑ The Islamic Slave Revolts of Bahia, Brazil: A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan?, by Abu Alfa Muhammed Shareef bin Farid, Sankore' Institute of Islamic African Studies, www.sankore.org. Archived 15 Siilo 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Also see Lovejoy (2007), below, on this.
  60. ↑ Last, Murray. "The Sokoto Caliphate".
  61. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  62. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  63. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  64. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  65. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  66. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  67. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  68. ↑ "THE EMPIRES AND DYNASTIES – The Muslim Yearbook" (in Engeleere). 16 July 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  69. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  70. ↑ "Fodio, Usuman Dan | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  71. ↑ Meredith, Martin (2014). The fortunes of Africa: a 5000-year history of wealth, greed, and endeavor. Internet Archive. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1-61039-459-8.
  72. ↑ "Usman dan Fodio | Fulani leader". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Engeleere). Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  73. ↑ Spencer C. Tucker (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]. ABC CLIO. p. 1037. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  74. ↑ Ososanya, Tunde (29 March 2018). "Usman Dan Fodio: History, legacy and why he declared jihad". Legit.ng (in Engeleere). Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  75. ↑ Last, Murray. "The Sokoto Caliphate".
  76. ↑ Last, Murray (2021-03-03), "The Sokoto Caliphate", The Oxford World History of Empire, Oxford University Press, pp. 1082–1110, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040, ISBN 978-0-19-753276-8, retrieved 2024-04-18
  77. ↑ Last, Murray. "The Sokoto Caliphate".
  78. ↑ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Usman dan Fodio: Founder of the Sokoto Caliphate | DW | 24 February 2020". DW.COM (in Engeleere). Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  79. ↑ "Muḥammad Bello | Fulani emir of Sokoto". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Engeleere). Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  80. ↑ "Usman Dan Fodio, a great reformer". The Guardian (in Engeleere). Lagos, Nigeria. 2019-05-12. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  81. ↑ Lapidus, pg 470
  82. ↑ Last, Murray (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Internet Archive. [New York] Humanities Press.
  83. ↑ "Usman dan Fodio | Fulani leader | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Engeleere). Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  84. ↑ John O. Hunwick. "African And Islamic Revival" in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).
  85. ↑ "Salaam Knowledge". Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  86. ↑ Christopher Steed and David Westerlund. Nigeria in David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg (eds). Islam Outside the Arab World. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 0-312-22691-8
  87. ↑ Abdul Azim Islahi (1 January 2008). "Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and his economic ideas" (pdf). MPRA (Paper N. 40916). Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah: 7. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 – via researchgate.net].
  88. ↑ Ogunnaike, Oludamini (2021). "A Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Sufism in the Sokoto Caliphate" (PDF). Journal of Sufi Studies. 10 (1–2): 152–173. doi:10.1163/22105956-bja10017.
  89. ↑ Dawud Walid (15 February 2017), "Uthman Dan Fodio: One of the Shining Stars of West Africa" Archived 27 Seeɗto 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Al Madina Institute. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  90. ↑ Yahaya, Ibrahim Yaro (1988). "The Development of Hausa Literature. in Yemi Ogunbiyi, ed. Perspectives on Nigerian Literature: 1700 to the Present. Lagos: Guardian Books" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011. Obafemi, Olu. 2010. "50 Years of Nigerian Literature: Prospects and Problems" Keynote Address presented at the Garden City Literary Festival, at Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 8–9 Dec 2010.]
  1. ↑ His full name was Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Saalih ibn Haarun ibn Muhammad Ghurdu ibn Muhammad Jubba ibn Muhammad Sambo ibn Maysiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Musa Jokolli ibn Imam Dembube.
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