Farayse

jeetaare leydi, Ndenndaandi, leydi
Yemre	Western Europe, Pyrenees–Mediterranean Euroregion, European Union, European Economic Area, Yuroopu
Golle imaaɗe	Juko 843
Inditirde	République française
Laamu innde	République française
Lesdinkeejum	République française
Mutiɗa innde	France
Named after	Franks
Ɗemngal ngal sarwiisiiji leydi fu njoni haalude	Faransinkoore
Doondo leydi	La Marseillaise
Tagu	culture of France
Kunorgol	Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Jammoore leydi	Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Duungal	Yuroopu
Lesdi	Farayse
Laamorde	Pari
Hiiri-weeti pelle	UTC+01:00
Located in or next to body of water	English Channel, Atalantika, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea
Jonde kwa'odineto	47°0′0″N 2°0′0″E
Kwa'odineto lettugal	42°16′56″N 9°33′36″E
Soɓɓire	51°5′20″N 2°32′44″E
Horɗoore	41°20′1″N 9°15′32″E
Gorgal	48°26′45″N 5°9′4″W
Towendi	Mont Blanc
Hoɓade	Étang de Lavalduc
Laamu sarti celluɗo	semi-presidential system
Birrol parti politikki	President of the French Republic
Arɗiiɗo lesdi	Emmanuel Macron
Office held by head of government	Prime Minister of France
Hooreejo leydi	Michel Barnier
Laamu battaa en	Government of France
Laamu depitee en	French Parliament
Highest judicial authority	Court of Cassation, Conseil d'État, Court of Audit, Constitutional Council of France, Cour de Justice de la République
Central bank	Bank of France
Cede	Euro, CFP Franc
Coextensive with	France
Foundational text	Constitution of France
Driving side	right
Electrical plug type	Europlug, Type E
Replaces	Kingdom of France, Rauracian Republic, Republic of Bouillon, Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune, Kingdom of Bora Bora
Award received	Lagun Onari, The Economist country of the year
Studied in	francology
Has facility	roundabout, crematorium
Laawol ngol laamu anndani	https://www.service-public.fr/
External data available at URL	https://www.data.gouv.fr/
Terms of service URL	https://www.service-public.fr/P10050
Hashtag	France
Golle gofernema	.fr
Deesewal	Flag of France
Coat of arms	coat of arms of France
Has seal, badge, or sigil	Great Seal of France
Joogarafii	geography of France
Has characteristic	free country
Taariki	history of France
Railway traffic side	left, right
Has works in the collection	National Gallery of Victoria
Open data portal	data.gouv.fr
Ndesa	economy of France
Annaji Aljeri	demographics of France
Gregorian calendar start date	20 Bowte 1582, 1 Siilo 1806
Sitemap URL	https://www.service-public.fr/P10003
Contact page URL	https://www.service-public.fr/P10017
Mobile country code	208
Country calling code	+33
Trunk prefix	0
Emergency phone number	112, 15, 17, 18, 114
GS1 country code	300-379
Licence plate code	F
Maritime identification digits	226, 227, 228
Stack Exchange tag	https://travel.stackexchange.com/tags/france
Unicode character	🇫🇷
Category for honorary citizens of entity	Q8942785
Category for maps or plans	Category:Maps of France

Farayse, e dow laabi mum Ndenndaandi Farayse, ko leydi tawaandi ɓurndi heewde e Yuroopu hirnaange. Ina jeyaa heen kadi diiwanuuji e terɗe caggal geec e nder Amerik e Maayo Atlantik, Pasifik, e Inndo,[XII] rokki ɗum gooto e nokkuuji faggudu keertiiɗi ɓurɗi mawnude e nder winndere ndee. Farayse mawɗo ina renndini keeri e Belsik e Luxembourg to fuɗnaange, Almaañ to fuɗnaange-rewo, Siwis to fuɗnaange, Itali e Monako to fuɗnaange-rewo, Andorra e Espaañ to fuɗnaange, e keeri maayo e Biritaan to fuɗnaange-rewo . Nokku mum mawɗo ina yaaji gila e maayo Rhin haa e maayo Atlantik e gila e maayo Mediteraane haa e maayo Angalteer e maayo worgo. Leyɗeele mum caggal maayo ina njeyaa heen: Guyana Farayse to Amerik worgo, Saint Pierre e Miquelon to Atlantik worgo, Inndo-Worgo Farayse, e duuɗe keewɗe to Oseani e nder geec Inndo. Diiwanuuji mayre sappo e jeetati (joyi heen ko caggal leydi) ina njogii wertallo 643 801 km2 (248 573 km2) e ina njogii 68,4 miliyoŋ neɗɗo e lewru Yarkomaa 2024.[5][8] Farayse ko republique semi-présidentielle gooto, laamorgo mum ko Pari, wuro ɓurngo mawnude e leydi ndii, ngo woni nokku pinal e njulaagu mawɗo ; nokkuuji mawɗi goɗɗi e nder gure ina njeyaa heen Marseille, Liyon, Tuluz, Lille, Bordoo, Strasburg, Nante, e Niiseer.

Farayse mawɗo koɗnooɗo e jamaanu njamndi, ko leƴƴi Celtic anndiraaɗi Gauls ko adii nde Room ina heɓta nokku oo e hitaande 51 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ɗum addani ɗum pinal Gallo-Roman ceertungal. E fuɗɗoode duuɓi hakkundeeji, Frank en Almaañnaaɓe cosi Laamu Francia, ngu laatii ɓernde Laamu Karolingian. Nafoore Verdun hitaande 843 feccii laamu nguu, Farayse hirnaange wayliima wonti Laamu Farayse. E nder yontaaji hakkundeeji toowɗi, Farayse wonnoo ko laamu feudaal doole kono ngu alaa ko woni e mum, kono gila e cakkital teeminannde 14ɓiire haa caka teeminannde 15ɓiire, Farayse naati e hare laamu e Angalteer anndiraande wolde duuɓi teemedere. E teeminannde 16ɓiire, Rennaissance Farayse yi’i pinal ina ƴellitoo, laamu koloñaal Farayse ina ƴellitoo.[13] E nder leydi ndii, Farayse ɓuri heewde ko luural hakkunde mum e galle Habsburg e hareeji diine Farayse hakkunde katolik en e huguenot en. Farayse heɓiino nafoore e wolde duuɓi capanɗe tati, ɓeydi semmbe mum e laamu Luwis XIV.[14]

Rewolison Farayse 1789 liɓi laamu Ancien Régime, yaltini Deklarasiyoŋ jojjanɗe aadee, hollitoore miijooji ngenndi ndii haa hannde. Farayse yettiima darnde mum to bannge politik e konu mum ko e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 19ɓiire e gardagol Napoleyoŋ Bonaparte, o heɓti feccere e duunde Yuroopu, o sosi Laamu Farayse gadano. Hareeji Farayse e Napoleyoŋ mbayli no feewi yahdu daartol Yuroopu. Sosde laamu nguu fuɗɗii ko e sahaa ŋakkeende, ɗo Farayse muñnoo e Restorasiyoŋ Bourbon haa sosde Republique Farayse ɗiɗaɓo mo Laamu Farayse ɗiɗaɓo lomtii ɗum nde Napoleyoŋ III heɓti laamu. Laamu makko yani ko e wolde Farayse e Prusse e hitaande 1870. Ɗum addani mo sosde Republique Farayse tataɓo, e duuɓi capanɗe garooji ɗii, ko yonta ƴellitaare faggudu e ƴellitaare pinal e ganndal anndiraande Belle Époque. Farayse ina jeyaa e leyɗe ɓurɗe waawde tawtoreede wolde adunaare adannde, nde yalti heen, nde heɓi nafoore mawnde e nder aadee e faggudu. Nde jeyaa ko e leyɗeele dentuɗe wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, kono nde sakkitii, nde heɓti Axis e hitaande 1940. Caggal nde nde woppitaa e hitaande 1944, Republique nayaɓere nde juutaani, sosaa, caggal ɗuum nde fusi e nder doggol foolde e wolde Alseri . Ndenndaandi joyaɓiri hannde ndii, sosaa ko e hitaande 1958 e juuɗe Charles de Gaulle. Alseri e ko ɓuri heewde e koloniiji Farayse keɓii jeytaare mum en e kitaale 1960, tawi ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ina njokkondiri e Farayse to bannge faggudu e konu.

Farayse ina jokki e darnde mum duuɓi teeminanɗe, hono nokku winndereyankeewo naalankaagal, ganndal e filosof. Ko ɗoon woni tataɓol ɓurngol mawnude e nokkuuji taariindi UNESCO, ko kañum woni nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee, ko kañum jaɓɓotoo 100 miliyoŋ njillu caggal leydi e hitaande 2023.[15] Farayse ko leydi ƴellitiindi, jogiindi ngalu keewngu e nder winndere ndee, faggudu mum yahrundu yeeso ina jeyaa e leyɗeele ɓurɗe mawnude e winndere ndee. Ko doole mawɗe,[16] nde jeyaa ko e terɗe joy duumiiɗe e Goomu Kisal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, kadi ko leydi laawɗundi jogiindi kaɓirɗe nukliyeer. Farayse ko tergal ardiingal e sosngal Dental Yuroopu e zone euro,[17] kadi ko tergal teeŋtungal e nder fedde jeeɗiɗi, Fedde nanondiral Atlantik worgo (OTAN), Fedde gollondiral e ƴellitaare faggudu (OCDE), e Farayse.

Etimoloji e firo

Innde Farayse ndee fuɗɗii huutoreede ko e ɗemngal Latin Francia, walla "laamu Frank en".[18] Farayse hannde oo ina wiyee haa hannde Francia e ɗemngal Itaali e Españool, Frankreich e ɗemngal Almaañ, Frankrijk e ɗemngal Holanndee, e Frankrike e ɗemngal Suwed e Norwees fof firti ko "Leydi/laamu Faraysenaaɓe".

Innde Frank en ina jokkondiri e helmere Engeleere frank ("ndimaagu"): ɗiɗmo oo ummii ko e Farayse ɓooyɗo franc ("ndimaagu, tedduɗo, laaɓɗo"), haa jooni ko e helmere Latin Medieval francus ("ndimaagu, woppude). sarwiis; freeman, Frank"), ko huuɓtodinnde innde leñol ngol ummii ko e ɗemngal Latin cakkitiingal ngal endonim Frank mo moƴƴinaa *Frank.[19][20] Ina sikkaa wonde maanaa « ndimaagu » ƴettaa ko sabu, caggal nde Gaul heɓti, ko Frank en tan ngonnoo ndimaagu,[21] walla ko ɓuri heewde, sabu ko kamɓe njogii darnde ndimaagu e ko seerti e gollotooɓe walla maccuɓe.[20] Etimoloji *Frank ko huunde nde laaɓtaani. Nde ummii ko e aadaaji e helmere Proto-Germanic *frankōn, firti ko "javelin" walla "lance" (axe werlaa Frank en ina anndiranoo francisca),[22] hay so tawii noon ɗeen kaɓirɗe ina mbaawi innireede sabu mum en kuutoragol Frank en, wonaa noon.[20]

E ɗemngal Engele, ‘Farayse’ wi’etee ko /fræns/ FRANSS e Engele Amerik e /frɑːns/ FRAHNSS walla /fræns/ FRANSS e Engele Angalteer. Haaldude e /ɑː/ ɓuri heewde ko e aksanuuji jogiiɗi feccere trap-bath ko wayi no Received Pronunciation, hay so tawii noon ina waawi naneede e won e ɗemɗe goɗɗe ko wayi no Engele Cardiff, ɗo /frɑːns/ woni e mbaydi keeriindi e /fræns/ . [23]

Tariya

Ko adii teeminannde 6th ko adii jibineede Iisaa

Batte ɓurɗe ɓooyde e yimɓe ɓooyɓe e nder ko wiyetee hannde Farayse koo, ko ina wona duuɓi miliyoŋaaji 1,8 jooni.[24] Neandertal en njoginoo nokku oo haa e jamaanu Paleolitik toowɗo kono seeɗa seeɗa ɓe lomtii ɗum en e Homo sapiens hedde hitaande 35 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[25] Ndeeɗoo yonta seediima feeñde pentol caalli e nder Dordogne e Pyrenees, haa arti noon e Lascaux, tuggi c.000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[24] E joofnirde yontaaji ɓuuɓɗi (10 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa), weeyo ngo ɓeydii ɓuuɓde;[24] gila ko ina wona 7 000 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ndeeɗoo feccere Yuroopu hirnaange naatii e jamaanu Neolitik, hoɗɓe heen ngoni ko e jooɗaade.

Caggal ƴellitaare demokaraasi e ndema hakkunde ujunnaaje 4 e 3 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, njamndi feeñii, fuɗɗoode ko kaŋŋe, njamndi e njamndi, caggal ɗuum njamndi.[26] Farayse ina jogii nokkuuji keewɗi megalitik gila e jamaanu Neolitik, ina heen nokku denndaaɗo kaaƴe Carnac (ko ina wona 3 300 ko adii jibineede Iisaa).

Hiirde (karnunde 6th ko adii jibineede Iisaa – teeminannde 5th caggal jibineede Iisaa)

E hitaande 600 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, Gerek en Iyonnaaɓe ummoriiɓe Foseya cosi koloni Massalia (Marseille hannde oo).[27] Leƴƴi Celtic naatii e nokkuuji fuɗnaange e worgo Farayse, njalti e nder leydi ndii hakkunde teeminannde 5ɓiire e 3ɓiire ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[28] Hedde hitaande 390 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, mawɗo Gall biyeteeɗo Brennus e konu mum mbaɗi laawol feewde Itali Room, ɓe njalti Roomnaaɓe e wolde Allia, ɓe taari Room, ɓe ndokki ɗum en.[29] Ɗuum addani Rome leeltude, Gaul en njokki e ƴattaade diiwaan oo haa hitaande 345 ko adii jibineede Iisaa nde ɓe mbaɗi nanondiral jam.[30] Kono Roomnaaɓe e Gaul en ngoni ko e luulndaade fotde teeminanɗe, Gaul en ina njokki e wonde kulhuli e nder leydi Itali.

Hedde hitaande 125 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, fuɗnaange Gaul ko Roomnaaɓe keɓti, ɓe innitiri ndeeɗoo diiwaan Provincia Nostra ("Diiwaan men"), ɗum wayliima wonti Provence e ɗemngal Farayse.[32] Julius Caesar heɓti ko heddii e Gaul, o fooli murto mawɗo Gaul biyeteeɗo Vercingetorix e hitaande 52 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[33] Gaul ko Augustus fecci ɗum e diiwanuuji[34] e gure keewɗe sosaa e jamaanu Gallo-Roman, ina jeyaa heen Lugdunum (Lyon hannde), laamorgo Gaul en.[34] E hitaande 250-290 caggal iisa, Gaul Roman heɓi caɗeele e keeri mum cemmbinɗi ɗi barbaar en njani e mum.[35] Ngonka kaa ɓeydiima moƴƴude e feccere adannde e teeminannde 4ɓiire, yonta ummital e ƴellitaare.[36] E hitaande 312, laamɗo Konstantin I naati diine kerecee en. Kerecee’en, ɓe torlaama, ɓeydii.[37] Kono gila e teeminannde 5ɓiire, njilluuji Barbaar en puɗɗii.[38] Leƴƴi Teutonik en naati e diiwaan hee, Visigoth en koɗi to fuɗnaange-rewo, Burgundi en koɗi e saraaji maayo Rhine, Frank en koɗi to fuɗnaange.[39]

Fuɗɗoode Duuɓi Cakkitiiɗi (Teeminannde 5th–10th)

E nder yontaaji ɓooyɗi, Gaul ɓooyɗo feccii ko e laamuuji Almaañ e nokkuuji Gallo-Roman keddiiɗi ɗii. Biritaan en Seltik en, dognooɓe e koɗki Angalteer-Saxon en to Angalteer, koɗi to bannge worgo Armorica ; duunde Armorica ndee wayli innde mum ko Bretagne, pinal Celtic wuurtinaama.

Ardiiɗo gadano hawrude e Frank en fof ko Clovis I, puɗɗinooɗo laamu mum e laamɗo Frank en Salian en e hitaande 481, o fooli doole guwerneeruuji Roomnaaɓe cakkitiiɗi e hitaande 486. Clovis wiyi maa o loote Kerecee so tawii o dañii nafoore e... Laamu Visigoth, ndi wiyetee ko kañum gardii hare ndee. Clovis heɓti fuɗnaange-rewo e juuɗe Visigoth en, o lootaa e hitaande 508. Clovis I woni jaaliiɗo Almaañ gadano caggal nde laamu Room hirnaange yani, o naati e diine kerecee en katolik ; ko noon Farayse rokkaa tiitoonde "Ɓiɗɗo debbo mawɗo Eklesiya" e juuɗe paap,[40] e laamɓe Farayse ina mbiya "Laamɓe Farayse ɓurɓe Kerecee'en".

Frank en njaɓɓi pinal Kerecee’en Gallo-Roman, Gaul ɓooyɗo inniraa Francia (“Leydi Frank en”). Frank en Almaañnaaɓe ƴetti ɗemɗe Roman en. Clovis waɗti Pari laamorgo mum, o sosi laamu Meroving, kono laamu makko daɗaani e maayde makko. Frank en ina njoginoo leydi ko jeyi keeriiɗo, ɓe pecci ndi hakkunde ronooɓe maɓɓe, ko ɗum waɗi laamlaamuuji nay ummii e laamu Clovis : Pari, Orléans, Soissons, e Rheims. Laamɓe Merovingiyaŋkooɓe cakkitiiɓe ɓee njippiima e juuɗe meeruuji mum en galle laamorɗo (hooreejo galle). Gooto e meeruuji galle laamorɗo oo, hono Charles Martel, foolii njiimaandi Umayya en to Gaul e wolde Tours (732). Ɓiyiiko biyeteeɗo Pepin juutɗo, heɓti kuɗol Farayse e juuɗe Meroving en lolluɓe, sosi laamu Karoling en. Ɓiɗɗo Pepin, biyeteeɗo Charlemagne, hawritini laamuuji Frank en, mahi laamu e nder Yuroopu hirnaange e hakkundeejo.

Laamɗo Room ceniiɗo mo Pape Leo III bayyini ɗum, ko noon kadi o sosi fedde daartol juutnde hakkunde laamu Farayse e Eklesiya Katolik,[41] Charlemagne etinooma wuurtinde laamu Room hirnaange e mawngu pinal mum. Ɓiɗɗo Charlemagne, Louis I jokki laamu nguu, kono e hitaande 843, ndi feccii hakkunde ɓiɓɓe Louis tato, e Farayse Fuɗnaange, Farayse hakkundeejo e Farayse hirnaange. Farayse hirnaange ina ɓadii nokku mo Farayse hannde oo joginoo, ko ɗum woni ko adii ɗum.[42]

E nder teeminannde 9ɓiire e 10ɓiire, e nder kulhuli e njiimaandi Viking en, Farayse wonti leydi ndi alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa : tiitooɗe e leyɗeele tedduɗe ɗee ngonti ko ndonaandi, laamu laamɗo oo ɓeydii wonde ko diine ɓuri diine, ɗum noon ko ɗum huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi, kadi ko tedduɓe ɓee luulndii ɗum. Nii woni fedde nde tabitini e Farayse. Won e vassal laamɗo mawni haa ɓe mbaɗti hulɓinaade laamɗo. Caggal wolde Hastings e hitaande 1066, William the Conqueror ɓeydi heen « laamɗo Angalteer » e tiitooɗe mum, o wonti vassal e fotde laamɗo Farayse, ɗum addani ɗum jiiɓru keewndu.

Joografi

Nokku e keeri

Ko ɓuri heewde e leydi Farayse e yimɓe mum ina tawee e Yuroopu hirnaange, ina wiyee Farayse Metropolitan, ngam seerndude ɗum e politikaaji leydi ndii ceertuɗi caggal leydi. Heeddi ndi ko maayo Worgo to fuɗnaange, maayo Angalteer to fuɗnaange-rewo, Geec Atlantik to hirnaange e maayo Mediteraane to fuɗnaange-rewo. Keeri leydi ndii ko Belsik e Luxembourg to worgo-fuɗnaange, Almaañ e Siwis to fuɗnaange-rewo, Itaali e Monako to fuɗnaange-rewo, Andorra e Espaañ to fuɗnaange-rewo. So wonaa fuɗnaange-rewo, ko ɓuri heewde e keeri leydi Farayse ina keewi keeri tago e sifaaji geɗe leydi : to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange-rewo, Pireneeji e Alpes e Jura, e to fuɗnaange, maayo Rhine. Sabu mbaadi mum, Farayse ina heewi wiyeede l'Hexagone ("Hexagon"). Farayse mawɗo ina waɗi duuɗe keewɗe daande maayo, ɓurɗe mawnude heen ko Korsik. Farayse mawɗo oo ɓuri wonde ko hakkunde latitudeeji 41° e 51° N, e njuuteendi 6° W e 10° E, to bannge hirnaange Yuroopu, ko noon kadi woniri e nder nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi to bannge worgo. Feccere duunde mayre ina waɗi hedde 1000 km tuggi worgo haa fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange haa hirnaange.

Farayse mawɗo oo ina waɗi 551 500 kiloomeeteer kaaree (212 935 mi kaaree),[84] ko kañum ɓuri mawnude e nder terɗe Dental Yuroopu.[17] Wertallo leydi Farayse fof, kam e departemaaji mum e terɗe mum caggal geec (ina heen Adélie Land), ko 643 801 km2 (248 573 miil2), woni 0,45% e wertallo Leydi. Farayse ina jogii nokkuuji keewɗi, gila e laddeeji daande maayo to fuɗnaange e hirnaange haa e koɗli Alpes to fuɗnaange-rewo, Massif Central to fuɗnaange-rewo e Pireneeji to fuɗnaange-rewo.

Sabu departemaaji mum keewɗi caggal leydi e nokkuuji mum cakkitiiɗi e nder tagofeere nde, Farayse ina jogii nokku faggudu keeriiɗo (ZEE) ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e winndere ndee, tawi ina waɗi 11 035 000 km2 (4 261 000 km2), caggal tan EEZ Amerik, tawi ina yaaji1105 km2 (4 383 000 km2), kono ko yeeso EEZ Ostarali, tawi ko 8 148 250 km2 (3 146 000 km2). ZEE mum ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 8% e wertallo leydi ndii fof e nder ZEE winndere ndee kala.

Jeeyoloji, topografi e hidrogaraafi

Farayse mawɗo ina jogii nokkuuji keewɗi e nokkuuji tawaaɗi. Feccere mawnde e leydi Farayse hannde ndii ummiima e sahaaji tektonik keewɗi, ko wayi no ƴellitaare Hercynian e yontaaji Paleozoik, ɗo Masif Armorican, Masif Cakaare, Morvan, Vosges e Ardennes e duunde Korsika peeñi. Ɗeeɗoo masiŋaaji ina cifa nokkuuji keewɗi ɓuuɓɗi ko wayi no ɓuuɓol Aquitaine to fuɗnaange-rewo e ɓuuɓol Pari to worgo, ɗiɗmo oo ina waɗi nokkuuji keewɗi ɗi leydi mum ɓuri ɓuuɓde ko wayi no ɓuuɓol Beauce e Brie. Laabi feere-feere ɗi taariindi, bana falnde Rhône, ɗon hokka jokkirgol koyngol. Koɗli Alpine, Pireneeji e Jura ɓuri famɗude, ina njogii sifaaji ɓuuɓɗi. E dow 4 810,45 meeter (15 782 ft)[85] dow geec, Mont Blanc, woni ko e Alpes to keerol Farayse e Itali, woni nokku ɓurɗo toowde e Yuroopu hirnaange. Hay so tawii 60% e municipaalitee ina limtee e nder vursugol ngol, vursugol ngol ina heddii e vursugol ngol.

Tarde

Farayse ina jeyaa e leyɗeele gadane sosde ministeer ko fayti e taariindi, e hitaande 1971.[87] Hay so tawii ina jeyaa e leyɗe ɓurɗe waawde golloraade e nder winndere ndee, Farayse woni ko e 19ɓo tan to bannge njulaagu gaas karbonik, caggal leyɗeele ɓurɗe famɗude yimɓe ko wayi no Kanadaa walla Ostarali. Ɗum noon ko sabu njulaagu leydi ndii e nder semmbeeji nukliyeer caggal nde 1973 heɓi caɗeele petroŋ,[88] ko ɗum woni hannde 75% e peewnugol kuuraa[89], ɗum noon ina addana ɗum ustude pollugol.[90][91] E wiyde limto golle taariindi 2020 ngo Yale e Columbia mbaɗi, Farayse woni leydi joyaɓiri ɓurndi waawde taariindi e nder winndere nde (caggal leydi Angalteer).[92][93]

Hono denndaangal leyɗeele Dental Yuroopu, Farayse jaɓii ustude ko famɗi fof 20% e tolnooji 1990 haa 2020,[94] so yerondiraama e peeje Amerik ngam ustude 4% e tolnooji 1990.[95] Haa e hitaande 2009, gaas karbonik Farayse ina famzi e nder yimve Siin.[96] Leydi ndii ina foti waɗde njoɓdi karbon e hitaande 2009, fotde 17 oroo e kala tonngoode karbon yaltinnde,[97] ɗum noon ina addana ɗum heɓde miliyaaruuji 4 oroo hitaande kala.[98] Kono tan, peeje ɗee ngoppaama sabu kulol ustude njulaagu Farayse.[99]

Laddeeji ina njogii 31% e leydi Farayse—ko woni nayaɓal ɓurngal mawnude e nder Yuroopu—ɗum woni ɓeydagol 7% gila 1990.[100][101][102] Laddeeji Farayse ina njeyaa e ɓurɗi heewde e Yuroopu, ina mbaɗi ko ina ɓura 140 sifaa leɗɗe.[103] Farayse ina joginoo 2018 limre 4.52/10, woni 123ɓo e nder winndere nde e nder 172 leydi.[104] Parkeeji ngenndiiji jeenay[105] e parkeeji naftooji 46 ina ngoodi e nder leydi Farayse.[106] Park naturel diiwaan[107] (e Farayse: parc naturel régional walla PNR) ko nokku renndo e nder Farayse hakkunde laamuuji nokkuuji e laamu ngenndiijo, jowitiiɗi e nokkuuji ladde hoɗɓe e ŋarɗugol keewngol, ngam reende nokkuuji e ndonaandi kam e sosde ko duumotoo ƴellitaare faggudu e nder nokku hee.[108] PNR ina waɗa paandaale e laabi ngam ƴellitde hoɗorde aadee, ƴellitaare faggudu duumotoonde e reende nokkuuji tawaaɗi tuugiiɗi e nokkuuji e ndonu kala parsel keeriiɗo. Parkeeji ɗii ina cemmbina porogaraamuuji wiɗtooji ekolosii e jaŋde renndo e nder gannde tago.[109] Haa e hitaande 2019 ina waɗi 54 PNR e nder leydi Farayse.[110]

Sigga

Yiyngo

Farayse ina jogii faggudu luumo jillondirndu, ina sikkaa ko laamuuji keewɗi mbaɗata heen, e keewal faggudu. Ko ina wona teeminanɗe ɗiɗi, faggudu Farayse ina jeyaa e sappo ɓurɗe mawnude e winndere ndee ; hannde ko kañum woni leydi nayaɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e winndere ndee to bannge doole coodgu, ndi woni jeeɗiɗaɓo ɓurndi mawnude e PIB nominaal, ndi woni ɗiɗaɓiri e nder Dental Yuroopu to bannge tolnooji ɗiɗi ɗii fof.[174] Farayse ina hiisee wonde leydi doole faggudu, ina jeyaa e fedde leyɗeele jeeɗiɗi ɓurɗe mawnude e nder njulaagu, hono Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e faggudu e ƴellitaare faggudu (OCDE), e fedde leyɗeele capanɗe jeegom ɓurɗe mawnude.

Faggudu Farayse ina heewi no feewi ; sarwisaaji ina mbaɗi tataɓe ɗiɗi e nder golle e PIB,[175] tawi noon sekteer gollordu ina jogii joyaɓal PIB e ko nanndi e golle. Farayse woni leydi tataɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e peewnugol e nder Yuroopu, caggal Almaañ e Itali, kadi ko leydi go’aɓiri e nder winndere nde to bannge peewnugol e nder winndere ndee, ko 1,9 e nder teemedere.[176] Ko famzi fof 2 e nder teemedere e nder PIB ko sekteer gadano oo, woni ndema;[177] kono sekteer ndema Farayse ina jeyaa e ko vuri mawnude e nafoore, ina ardii UE to bannge peewnugol keewngol.[178]

Turism

E nder 100 miliyoŋ turismaa hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 2023,[196] Farayse woni leydi ɓurndi heewde turismaa e winndere ndee, ina yahra e Espaañ (85 miliyoŋ) e Amerik (66 miliyoŋ). Kono tan, ko kañum woni tataɓo e ngalu keɓaaɗo e turism sabu juutde balɗe njilluuji.[197] Nokkuuji turism ɓurɗi lollude ina njeyaa heen (yillotooɓe hitaande kala): Tower Eiffel (miliyoŋaaji 6,2), Château de Versailles (miliyoŋaaji 2,8), Musée national d’Histoire naturelle (miliyoŋaaji ɗiɗi), Pont du Gard (miliyoŋaaji 1,5), Arc de Triomphe (1,2). miliyoŋaaji), Mont Saint-Michel (miliyoŋaaji 1), Sainte-Chapelle (683 000), Galle mawɗo Kenigsbourg (549 000), Puy de Dôme (500 000), Musée Picasso (441 000), e Carcasonne (362 000).

Farayse, haa teeŋti noon e Pari, ina jogii yoga e musiumuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e lollude e winndere ndee, ina jeyaa heen Louvre, woni musium naalankaagal ɓurɗo yilleede e winndere ndee (7,7 miliyoŋ njillu e hitaande 2022), Musée d’Orsay (3,3 miliyoŋ), ko ɓuri heewde heen ko dewal to Impressionnisme, ko Musée de l’Orangerie (1,02 miliyoŋ), ɗo Claude Monet waɗi nate mawɗe jeetati, ɗe Claude Monet waɗi, kam e Centre Georges Pompidou (miliyoŋaaji tati), baɗaaɗo ngam naalankaagal hannde. Disneyland Paris woni nokku ɓurɗo lollude e nder Yuroopu, tawi ko miliyoŋaaji 15 neɗɗo njillotoo nokku oo e nokku biyeteeɗo Walt Disney e hitaande 2009.[199]

Ko ɓuri miliyoŋaaji 10 turism hitaande kala, Riviera Farayse (Farayse: Côte d’Azur), to Fuɗnaange-rewo Farayse, woni nokku ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo mawnude e turism e nder leydi ndii, caggal Diiwaan Pari.[200] Ina naftoroo balɗe 300 naange e hitaande, 115 kiloomeeteer (71 mi) e daande maayo e beeli, 18 nokku golf, 14 nokku ski e 3 000 nokku restoraaji.[201]: 31 Hitaande kala ko Côte d'Azur ina jaɓɓoo' 50% e winndere ndee laana ndiwoowa mawka.[201]: 66

E nder miliyoŋaaji 6 turism hitaande kala, galleeji falnde Loire (e Farayse: châteaux) e falnde Loire e hoore mum ko tataɓere ɓurnde mawnude e Farayse;[202][203] ndeeɗoo nokkuure winndereyankoore ina teskaa e ndonu mum mahdi, e... gure mum daartol kono teeŋti noon e cuuɗi mum, ko wayi no galleeji Ambois, Chambord, Usé, Villandry, Chenonceau e Montsoreau. Château de Chantilly, Versailles e Vaux-le-Vicomte, ɗiin tati fof ina ngoni sara Pari, ko ɗiin kadi ngoni nokkuuji njilluuji.

Farayse ina jogii nokkuuji 52 binndaaɗi e doggol taariindi winndereeji UNESCO, ina heen gure pinal toowɗe, beeli e nokkuuji ɗo geec, nokkuuji ski, kam e nokkuuji laddeeji ɗi heewɓe mbeltiima e ŋarɗugol mum en e deeƴre mum en (turism vert). Wurooji Farayse tokoosi e belɗi ina ƴellitee e nder fedde wiyeteende Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (e ɗemngal "Wurooji ɓurɗi ŋarɗude e Farayse"). Lefol "Jardiiji kaawniiɗi" ko doggol ko ina ɓura 200 jardeeji ɗi ministeer pinal renndini. Ndeeɗoo lefol ina foti reende e ƴellitde gesaaji e parkeeji kaawniiɗi. Farayse ina nodda hijjooɓe diine heewɓe e laawol feewde Saint-Jacques, walla Lourdes, wuro wonngo e nder Hautes-Pyrénées ngo jaɓɓotoo ko miliyoŋaaji keewɗi hoɗɓe e hitaande kala.

Sembe

Farayse woni leydi sappoɓiri ɓurndi heewde kuuraa e nder winndere nde.[204] Électricité de France (EDF), ko laamu Farayse jeyi ko ɓuri heewde, ko kañum woni sosiyeteeji ɓurɗi mawnude e nder winndere ndee, ko kañum woni sosiyeteeji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, ko kañum woni tataɓo e ngalu e nder winndere ndee.[205] E hitaande 2018, EDF yaltinii fotde joyaɓal kuuraa Dental Yuroopu, ko ɓuri heewde ko e semmbe nukliyeer.[206] Haa e hitaande 2021, Farayse woni leydi ɓurndi heewde semmbe e nder Yuroopu, ko ɓuri heewde ko to Angalteer e Itali,[207] e leydi ɓurndi heewde semmbe e nder winndere nde.[207]

Gila e kiris petroŋ 1973, Farayse ina jokki e politik tiiɗɗo ngam kisal semmbeeji,[207] woni rewrude e njulaagu teeŋtungu e nder semmbeeji nukliyeer. Nde jeyaa ko e leyɗeele 32 jogiiɗe kuutorɗe nukliyeer, woni ɗiɗmere e nder winndere ndee to bannge limoore kuutorɗe nukliyeer gollorɗe, ko 56.[208] Ndeen noon, 70% e kuuraa Farayse ko e semmbe nukliyeer, ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri heewde e winndere ndee e marge mawɗo;[209] ko Slowaki e Ukrain tan kadi keɓata ko ɓuri heewde e kuuraa e semmbe nukliyeer, ko ina tolnoo e 53% e 51%. [210] Farayse ina hiisee wonde leydi ɓurndi mawnude e winndere ndee to bannge karallaagal nukliyeer, tawi ko reaktoruuji e geɗe petroŋ ngoni ko ɓuri heewde e njulaagu.[207]

Tuugnaade Farayse no feewi e semmbeeji nukliyeer, addani ɗum ƴellitde semmbeeji kesi ɗii, so renndinaama e leyɗeele hirnaange goɗɗe ɗee. Ɗum fof e wayde noon, hakkunde 2008 e 2019, mbaawka peewnugol Farayse ummoraade e semmbeeji kesi ina ɓeydoo heewde, fotde laabi ɗiɗi.[211] Hidropower woni ko ɓuri heewde e doole, ko ɓuri feccere e semmbeeji kesi leydi ndii[212], ina addana ɗum 13% e semmbeeji mum,[211] ko ɓuri heewde e Yuroopu caggal Norwees e Turki.[212] No doole nukliyeer nii, ko ɓuri heewde e gollorɗe kuuraa ndiyam, ko wayi no Eguzon, Étang de Soulcem, e Lac de Vouglans, ko EDF toppitii ɗum en.[212] Farayse ina anniyii ɓeydude yaajtinde doole ndiyam haa hitaande 2040.[211]

Moota

Resooji laana njoorndi Farayse, ɗi njuuteendi mum en tolnii e 29 473 kiloomeeteer (18 314 mi) e hitaande 2008,[214] ko kañum woni ɗiɗaɓo ɓurɗo yaajde e nder Yuroopu hirnaange caggal Almaañ.[215] Ko SNCF gollotoo nde, e otooji jaawɗi ina mbaɗi Thalys, Eurostar e TGV, ɗi njahata ko e 320 km/h (199 mph).[216] Eurostar, kam e laana ndiwoowa Eurotunnel, ina jokkondiri e leydi Angalteer rewrude e laana ndiwoowa Kanaal. Jokkondiral laana njoorndi ina woodi e leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe Yuroopu ɗee kala so wonaa Andorra. Jokkondiral hakkunde gure kadi ina ƴellitii no feewi, ko ɓuri heewde e gure mawɗe ina njogii sarwisaaji les leydi walla tramway ina timmina sarwisaaji otooji.

Ko ina tolnoo e 1 027 183 kiloomeeteer (638 262 mi) laawol gollorteengol ina woodi e nder leydi Farayse, ɗum noon ko kañum woni lowre ɓurnde yaajde e duunde Yuroopu.[217] Diiwaan Pari ina heewi jolngo laabi e laabi mawɗi, jokkondirɗi e ko famɗi fof nokkuuji leydi ndii kala. Laabi Farayse ina njogii kadi yah-ngartaa mawɗo hakkunde leyɗeele, jokkondirɗo e gure koɗdiiɗe Belsik, Luxembourg, Almaañ, Siwis, Itali, Espaañ, Andorra e Monako. Alaa njoɓdi binnditagol hitaande kala walla njoɓdi laawol ; kono kuutoragol laabi mawɗi ɓurɗi heewde jeyi ko rewrude e tolnooji so wonaa e saraaji kominaaji mawɗi. Lugge otooji kesi ɗii ɓuri heewde ko markeeji nder leydi ko wayi no Renault, Peugeot e Citroën.[218] Farayse ina jogii « Millau Viaduct », woni pont ɓurɗo toowde e winndere ndee,[219] ina mahi pontooji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi ko wayi no Pont de Normandie. Otooji e laanaaji diwooje disel e petroŋ ina ngadda feccere mawnde e pollugol henndu leydi ndii e gaasuuji gaddooji seer.[220][221]

Ko 464 laana ndiwoowa ngoni e nder leydi Farayse.[84] Aeroport Charles de Gaulle, woni ko e saraaji Pari, ko kañum woni aeroport ɓurɗo mawnude e ɓurɗo heewde yimɓe e nder leydi ndii, ina joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e jolngooji yimɓe e njulaagu, ina jokkondiri Pari e ko famɗi fof gure mawɗe winndere ndee kala. Air France woni laaɗe diwooje ngenndiije, hay so tawii noon sosiyeteeji keewɗi ina mbaɗa diwooje nder leydi e nder leyɗeele goɗɗe. Portooji mawɗi sappo ina ngoodi e Farayse, ɓurɗi mawnude heen ko Marseille,[222] ko kañum kadi ɓuri mawnude e keerol maayo Mediteraane.[223] 261 kiloomeeteer (7 619 mi) laabi ndiyam ina rewi Farayse ina heen Canal du Midi, jokkondirɗo e maayo Mediteraane e maayo Atlantik rewrude e maayo Garonne.[84]

Ganndal e karallaagal

Gila e yontaaji hakkundeeji, Farayse ina walliti e ƴellitgol ganndal e karallaagal. E fuɗɗoode teeminannde 11ɓiire, Pape Sylvester II jibinaaɗo to Farayse, artiri abacus e armillary sphere, o artiri limooje e waktuuji aarabeeɓe e nder ko ɓuri heewde e Orop.[225] Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Pari, sosaangal e cakkital teeminannde 12ɓiire, ina jeyaa haa jooni e duɗe janngirɗe ɓurɗe teeŋtude e nder winndere hirnaange.[226] E teeminannde 17ɓiire, hiisiwal e filosof biyeteeɗo René Descartes ardii rationalism ngam heɓde ganndal ganndal, Blaise Pascal wonti lolluɗo e golle mum e dow mekanikuuji baawɗi wonde e ndiyam ; kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe ngoni ko e yimɓe teeŋtuɓe e Rewolison ganndal, ɓuuɓɗo e nder Orop e oon sahaa. Akademi gannde Farayse, sosaaɗo e cakkital teeminannde 17ɓiire e juuɗe Luwis XIV ngam hirjinde e reende wiɗtooji ganndal Farayse, ina jeyaa e duɗe ganndal ngenndiije gadane e nder daartol.

Duuɓi cemmbiɗinki anndaama bee kuugal annduɗo tago Buffon, gootel nder annduɓe tago’en arande’en anndugo tokkitol ekolooji, e ganndo kemist biyeteeɗo Lavoisier, mo yi’i darnde oksijen nder ngurdam. Diderot e D’Alembert njaltinii Encyclopédie, faandaare mum ko rokkude renndo ngoo "ganndal nafoowal" baawngal huutoreede e nguurndam ñalnde kala.[227] Waylo sanɗaaji nder teeminannde 19ɓiire yi’i ɓamtaare ganndal mawnde to Farayse, nde Augustin Fresnel sosi optik keso, Sadi Carnot lelni doosɗe termodinamik, e Louis Pasteur ardii mikroobayoloji. Annduɓe Farayse woɗɓe mawɓe e oon sahaa ina mbinndaa inɗe mum en e dow Tower Eiffel.

Annduɓe Farayse lolluɓe e teeminannde 20ɓiire ina njeyaa heen hiisiyanke e ganndo fisik biyeteeɗo Henri Poincaré ; fisiknaaɓe Henri Becquerel, Pierre e Marie Curie, heddiiɓe e lollude e golle mum en to bannge raajo-aktiwite ; ganndo fisik biyeteeɗo Paul Langevin; e ganndo ko faati e mboros biyeteeɗo Luc Montagnier, gooto e yiytuɓe SIDA VIH. Koolol juuɗe ƴettaa ko to Lyon e hitaande 1998, tawi ko fedde winndereyankoore, tawi ina jeyaa heen Jean-Michel Dubernard, caggal ɗuum waɗi ko juuɗe ɗiɗi gadane ɗe njuumri.[228] Tele-opereeji ɗii ko seppooji Faraysenaaɓe ardii ɗi Jacques Marescaux ñalnde 7 suwee 2001 e nder geec Atlantik.[229] Ko adii fof ko Bernard Devauchelle waɗi mbayliigu yeeso ñalnde 27 noowammbar 2005. Farayse woni 11ɓo e nder limlebbi winndereeji 2023, so yerondiraama e 16ɓo e hitaande 2019.[232][233][234][235]

Nate

Tuugnorgal

Wikimedia Commons: Farayse – des documents multimédia.

Leydi e Yuroopu