Olusegun Obasanjo

Olusegun Obasanjo

ɓii aadama

Jinsu	gorko
Ɓii-leydiyankaaku	Naajeeriya
Inditirde	Oluṣẹgun Matthew Okikiọla Arẹmu Ọbasanjọ
Innde	Olusegun
Soomoore	Baba Africa
Ɗuubi daygo	5 Mbooy 1937
Ɗoforde	Abeokuta
Dee/goriiwo	Stella Obasanjo, Oluremi Obasanjo
Marude	Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello
Ɗemngal	Yarbankoore
Wolde	Inngilisjo, Hawsare, Nigerian Pidgin, Yarbankoore
Ancestral home	Abeokuta, Naajeeriya
Sana'aji	engineer, military personnel, ngaɗoowo siyaasaje
Janngi to	sa'aré janngirde masinko'éine dje ɓiɓɓe worɓe, Royal College of Defence Studies, Defence Services Staff College, Mons Officer Cadet School
Residence	Dodan Barracks
Start of work period	1958
Member of political party	Peoples Democratic Party
Candidacy in election	1999 Nigerian presidential election, 2003 Nigerian presidential election
Diina	Protestantism, Baptists
Participant in	World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2004
Military, police or special rank	general
Participated in conflict	Nigerian Civil War, Operation Tail-Wind, Congo Crisis
Military branch	Nigerian Army

 

 From Wikidata

Mawɗo Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo GCFR (// C; Yoruba: Olúṣẹ́gun Ọbásanjọ́ [ōlúʃɛ́ɡũ̄ ɔ̄básã̄d͡ʒɔ́] R; jibinaa ko c. ndema, e gonnooɗo seneraal konu gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya gila 1976 haa 1979, caggal ɗuum o woni hooreejo leydi ndii gila 1999 haa 2007. To bannge miijo, ko o ngenndiyanke Naajeeriya, o jeyaa ko e lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi (PDP) gila 1998 haa 2019.

Obasanjo jibinaa ko e wuro Ibogun-Olaogun, e nder galle remoowo, jeyaaɗo e leñol Owu, Obasanjo janngi ko ɓuri heewde e wuro wiyeteengo Abeokuta, to diiwaan Ogun. O naati konu leydi Naajeeriya, o janngi ko faati e inndeeji, o golliima to Konngo, Angalteer, e Inndo, o arti e darnde Major. E darorɗe kitaale 1960, o waɗii darnde mawnde e haɓaade seernaaɓe Biafra e nder wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Nijeer, o jaɓi dogde e hitaande 1970. E hitaande 1975, kuudetaa konu sosi junta e Obasanjo e nder laamu mum tati. Caggal nde hooreejo triumvirate, hono Murtala Muhammed, waraa e hitaande rewtunde ndee, Diiso toowngo konu toɗɗii Obasanjo hooreejo leydi ndii. Jokkude politik Murtala, Obasanjo ƴeewtindiima taƴgol bidsee e yaajnude jaŋde ekkolaaji ɗi ngalaa njoɓdi. Ɓesdugo hawtuki lesdi Naajeeriya bee lesdi Amerika, o teddini kadi ballal pelle luutndiiɗe laamu ɓaleeɓe pamari nder Afrika woylaare. Obasanjo ɗon mari haaje wartirgo demokaraasi, o ardi woote 1979, ɓaawo man o hokki laamu lesdi Naajeeriya haa hooreejo lesdi siwil keso, Shehu Shagari. Ndeen Obasanjo artii e golle mum to Ota, Ogun, ɗo o wonti demoowo, o yaltini defte nay, o tawtoraama eɓɓooji winndereeji ngam joofnude hareeji Afrik ceertuɗi.

E hitaande 1993, Sani Abacha heɓti laamu e kuudetaa konu. Obasanjo ina ñiŋa laamu Abacha e peeñcu, e hitaande 1995 o nanngaa, o ñaawaa wonde o jeyaa ko e kuudetaa peewnaaɗo, hay so tawii o seppii wonde o alaa ella. Nde o woni e kasoo ndee, o wonti Kerecee’en jibinaaɗo, tawi ko providentialism ina tiiɗtini no feewi e yi’annde makko aduna caggal ɗuum. O woppitaama caggal maayde Abacha e hitaande 1998. Obasanjo naati e politik wooteeji, o wonti kanndidaa PDP e wooteeji hooreleydaagu 1999, ɗi o dañi. Ko o hooreejo leydi, o woppi politik militeer en, kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe njaajni polis, ɓe moofti konu ngam haɓaade fitinaaji leƴƴi, diineeji, e seernaaɓe jaajɗi. O itti sooje'en lesdi Naajeeriya diga lesdi Siyeraa Leone, o hokki hukuumaaji pamari feere-feere ngam ustugo ceede lesdi ndi'i. O artiraa e woote 2003. E nder miijooji Pan-Afrik, o woniino daraniiɗo no feewi sosde Dental Afrik, o woniino hooreejo mayre tuggi 2004 haa 2006. Eɓɓooje Obasanjo ngam waylude doosɗe leydi ngam ittude keeri manndaa hooreejo leydi, ɗe njahraani no haanirta nii, ɗe ngaddani ɗum ñiŋooje. Caggal nde o woppi golle, o heɓi doktoraa makko e ganndal diine to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde National Open to leydi Najeriya.

Nguurndam gadano

Baaba Olusegun Obasanjo, Obasanjo Bankole, jeyaa ko e ardiiɓe hoɗɓe e sosɓe wuro Igbogun Olaogun e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1920. Hay so tawii ko o demoowo keewɗo jawdi, o jom jawdi en, omo hiisee wonde miskiino sabu o jeyaaka e yimɓe jannguɓe e nder leydi Yoruba. Bankole hawri e Bernice Ashabi, njulaagu tokooso to Igbogun, kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe resndi. Ɓeeɗoo ɗiɗo ina njogii ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo heddiiɓe e nder jeegom : Olusegun e Adunni Oluwola, miñiiko debbo gooto. E wiyde paaspoor makko, Olusegun Obasanjo jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 marse 1937 hay so tawii noon alaa ko winndaa e mum hannde, ñalngu nguu ko limto ɓadiiɗo.

Olusegun ko jeyaaɗo e Laamu Owu. O mawni ko e Baptiste. Debbo makko caggal mum naati lislaam ngam resde gorko juulɗo.[9] E duuɓi sappo e go'o, o naati duɗal leslesal wuro ngo,[10] caggal duuɓi tati, e hitaande 1951, o naati duɗal Baptist Day to nokku Owu to Abeokuta.[11] E hitaande 1952 o arti e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Baptist,[12] kadi e nder wuro ngo. Feccere e njoɓdi duɗal makko ko dokke laamu.[13] Obasanjo waɗii ko moƴƴi e jaŋde,[14] e nder duɗal o wonti Boy Scout keewɗo faayiida.[15] Hay so tawii alaa ko holliti wonde e oon sahaa o tawtoraama kala pelle politik,[15] ko e nder duɗal hakkundeewal Obasanjo salii innde makko adannde "Matthew" ngam wonde golle luulndiiɗe koloñaal.[16]

E nder ɗuum, baaba Obasanjo woppi debbo mum e sukaaɓe mum ɗiɗo.[17] Nde o yani e baasal, yumma Obasanjo ina foti golloraade njulaagu ngam wuurde.[15] Ngam yoɓugo ceede janngirde maako, Obasanjo ɗon huuwa haa gese kakawo e kola, ɗon ligga, ɗon mooɓa leɗɗe, ɗon sooda ceene mahooɓe. E nder balɗe udditgol duɗal ngal kadi o golliima e duɗal ngal, omo taƴa huɗo e golle juuɗe goɗɗe.[18]

E hitaande 1956, Obasanjo waɗi jaŋde mum hakkundeere, caggal nde o ñamli kaalis ngam yoɓde njoɓdi naatgol.[19] E oon hitaande kadi, o fuɗɗii jokkondirde e Oluremi Akinlawon, ɓiy Owu mawɗo station. Ɓe ndarniino dewgal haa hitaande 1958.[20] O yalti duɗal, o fayi Ibadan, o ƴetti golle jannginde. Ko ɗoon o jooɗii e ekzamen naatgol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan, kono hay so o jaɓii o tawi o waawaa yoɓde njoɓdi jaŋde.[19] Ndeen Obasanjo fellitii jokkude golle mum e nder konu leydi Najeriya, ngam heɓde ngal gollal, e hitaande 1958 o jaabiima eɓɓoore ngam janngude ofiseeji cadet e nder konu leydi Najeriya.[21][22]

Heblo konu: 1958-1959

E lewru marse 1958, Obasanjo naati e konu leydi Najeriya.[23] O yi’i ɗum ko fartaŋŋe jokkude jaŋde makko tawa omo heɓa njoɓdi;[24] o humpitaaki ɗoon e ɗoon ɓesngu makko, o hulii wonde jibnaaɓe makko ina njaɓa ɗum.[25] Ko e oon sahaa konu leydi Najeriya ina jokki e juuɗe laamu koloñaal leydi Najeriya, ngam heblude ndimaagu leydi Najeriya timmungu, kadi ina waɗi eɓɓooje ngam heɓde yimɓe leydi Najeriya ɓurɓe heewde e nder darnde konu mum.[25] Ndeen o neldaama to duɗal jaŋde ofiseeji jooɗɗi to Teshie to leydi Gana.[23] Nde o woni caggal leydi, o neldi ɓataakeeji e dokke to jom suudu makko to leydi Najeriya.[20] E lewru suwee 1958, o suɓaa ngam ɓeydaade heblo lebbi jeegom to duɗal Mons Officer Cadet to Aldershot, to fuɗnaange Angalteer. Obasanjo yiɗaa ɗum toon, o sikkatnoo ko ɗum juɓɓule njiyaagu e njiyaagu, o tawi ina saɗi ko jokkondiri e dumunna Engele ɓurɗo toowde e ɓuuɓde.[26] Nde semmbini miijooji makko bonɗi e laamu Biritaan e hakke mum laamaade e dow laamuuji mum koloñaal en.[24] To Mons, o heɓi komisoŋ e seedantaagal to bannge innde. Nde Obasanjo woni to leydi Angalteer, yumma mum maayi. Baaba makko ndeen maayi ko hitaande caggal ɗuum.[27]

E hitaande 1959, Obasanjo arti Nijeer. Ko ɗoon o artiraa to Kaduna, o woni subaltern infanterie e bataliyoŋ joyaɓo.[27] Wakkati maako haa Kaduna woni wakkati arandejum nde Obasanjo jooɗi haa nokkure nde juulɓe ɗuuɗi.[27] Ko nde o woni toon, e lewru Oktoobar 1960, leydi Nijeer wonti leydi ndimaagu.[28][22]

Ƴeew kadi: Kiriis Konngo

Caggal ɗuum seeɗa, bataliyoŋ joyaɓo neldaa to Konngo ngam jeyeede e konu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam haɓaade jam. Ko ɗoon bataliyoŋ oo woni e nder diiwaan Kivu, tawi ko ɗoon woni Bukavu.[28] To leydi Konngo, Obasanjo e woɗɓe ina njoginoo darnde reende siwil en, haa arti noon e leñol Belsik, e soldateeɓe murtuɓe e laamu Patrice Lumumba.[28] E lewru feebariyee 1961, Obasanjo nanngaa e juuɗe murtuɓe nde o ummotoo e misiyoŋaaji katolik en e nder dingiral sara Bukavu. Mutinooɓe ɓee miijinoo ko warde mo kono ɓe njamiraama yo ɓe njaltu. E lewru mee 1961, bataliyoŋ joyaɓo ummii Konngo, arti Najeriya.[28] E nder wolde nde, o toɗɗaama kapiteen wakkati.[24] O teskiima caggal ɗuum wonde sahaa mo o woni e Konngo oo ina semmbina "fervour pan-africain" bataliyoŋ makko.[28]

Gartugol e leydi Konngo: 1961-1966

Nde o arti, Obasanjo soodi oto makko gadano, o naati e opitaal ko juuti sabu rafi reedu. Nde o selli, o artiraa e Korse Innjiniyaaruuji konu. E hitaande 1962 o jooɗii to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Royal College to Angalteer. Ko ɗoon o ɓuri waawde, o siforaa ko "almuudo Commonwealth ɓurɗo waawde". Oon hitaande, o yoɓi Akinlawon ngam yahde Londres ɗo o waawi naatde e kursus heblo. Ɓeeɗoo ɗiɗo resndi ɗum ko e lewru suwee 1963 to biro binnditagol Camberwell Green, ɓe nganndini ɓesnguuji maɓɓe tan caggal nde ɓe mbaɗi hiirde ndee.E ndeen hitaande, Obasanjo yamiraama yo o hoot to leydi Nijeer, hay so tawii debbo makko ina heddii to Londres duuɓi tati goɗɗi ngam timminde jaŋde makko. Nde o naati Naajeeriya, Obasanjo hoosi ardungal konu Innjiniyaaruuji ladde, jooɗiiɗum haa Kaduna. E nder konu, Obasanjo ina jokki e yahrude yeeso e nder darɗe, o wonti mawɗo e hitaande 1965. O huutoriima ngalu makko ngam soodde leydi, e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1960 o heɓi jawdi to Ibadan, Kaduna, e Lagos. E hitaande 1965, Obasanjo neldaa leydi Inndo. E nder laawol, o yilliima debbo makko to Londres. To leydi Indiya, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde toppitiingal ko fayti e cellal to Wellington, caggal ɗuum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Innjiniyaaruuji to Poona. Obasanjo hulɓinii e heege nde o seedtii e nder leydi Indiya hay so tawii o ƴettii nafoore e pinal leydi ndii, huunde nde addani mo janngude defte diineeji nannditooji.

Golle makko ko adii wolde hakkunde leyɗeele: 1966-1967

Obasanjo ummi Naajeeriya nder lewru January hitaande 1966 ngam heɓugo lesdi ndi'i nder kuudetaa konu ngu Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna ardii. Obasanjo ina jeyaa e jeertinɓe wonde ngonka kaa ina waawi jippaade e wolde nder leydi.O hollitii wonde maa o won hakkunde ƴaañooɓe kuudetaa e laamu siwil, ngu rokki laamu nguu e juuɗe hooreejo konu Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Nde kuudetaa oo ronki, Olusegun hawri e Ironsi to Lagos. Ironsi ɓooyaani ko timmini fedde nde e nder leydi Najeriya rewrude e yamiroore mum kawral e lewru mee 1966, huunde nde ɓuuɓni jiiɓru leƴƴi. E darorɗe lewru sulyee, kuudetaa ɗiɗmo waɗi. To wuro Ibadan, sooja'en iwdi woyla lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon ƴama, ɓe mbari Ironsi, ɓe mbari fodde teemeɗɗe ɗiɗi sooje'en ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo ɓe iwdi lesdi Naajeeriya. Seneraal Yaakubu Gowon heɓti laamu.

Nde ooɗoo kuudetaa waɗata nde Obasanjo wonnoo ko to Maiduguri. Nande ɗum, o yaawi hootde Kaduna. Ko ɗoon o tawi konu worgo ummoriiɗo e bataliyoŋ tataɓo ina ronka, ina torloo, ina wara soldateeɓe Igbo en. Gomnaajo lesdi Naajeeriya, Hassan Katsina, annditi dow koo ngam Olusegun naa Igbo, bana no o woni mo woylaare lesdi Naajeeriya, o ɗon nder ɓilla haa sooja'en murtuɓe. Ngam reenaade ɓe, Katsina neldi Olusegun e debbo mum ngarta Maiduguri balɗe sappo, tawi fitinaaji ɗii ina ustoo. Caggal ɗuum, Obasanjo neldi debbo mum to Lagos, tawi omo hoota Kaduna kanko e hoore makko, o woni ɗoon haa lewru Yarkomaa 1967. E oon sahaa ko kanko woni ofisee Yoruba ɓurɗo mawnude tawaaɗo to bannge worgo.

E lewru Yarkomaa 1967, Obasanjo toɗɗaama to Lagos ngam wonde mawɗo Injineer konu.Hare hakkunde leƴƴi Igbo e leƴƴi worgo ina jokki e ɓeydaade, e lewru mee, ofisee konu Igbo C. Odumegwu Ojukwu hollitii jeytaare nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde Igbo e nder fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Bi. Ñalnde 3 lewru juko, laamu leydi Najeriya neldi Obasanjo to Ibadan ngam wonde hooreejo leydi Hirnaange.Hare hakkunde konu leydi Najeriya e seernaaɓe Biafran fuɗɗii ko ñalnde 6 lewru juko. Ñalnde 9 sulyee, Ojukwu neldi koloñaal konu Biafra dow pont Niiseer ngam yiɗde heɓtude Mid-West, nokku ɗo ɓe mbaawi ummoraade Lagos. Obasanjo yiɗiino uddude laabi jahduɗi e wuro ngo. Komandaajo Yoruba biyeteeɗo Victor Banjo, ardinooɗo konu njanngu Biafran, etinooma waawnude Obasanjo yoo ɓe njaltu, kono o salii.

Kuugal konu lesdi: 1967-1970

"Kolonel Olu Obasanjo, gardinooɗo diɗɗal tataɓal". Jaaynde Naajeeriya keso, hello 7, 12 lewru Yarkomaa 1970. Gagga hare nder leydi Naajeeriya e Biafra.

Ndeen Obasanjo toɗɗaama hooreejo caggal diɗɗal ɗiɗaɓal Murtala Muhammed, gollotoongal to Mid-Ouest. Obasanjo woni ko e jooɗaade to Ibadan, ko kañum halfinaa Division ɗiɗaɓo oo jogaade kaɓirɗe. E nder wuro ngo, Obasanjo jannginii course ganndal konu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan, o mahi jokkondiral makko e nder elite Yoruba. E nder wolde nde, wonno ko jiiɓru mawndu e nder Dowla Hirnaange, ngam daɗde e ɗeen caɗeele, Obasanjo woppi golle mum e nder Diiso doosɗe Hirnaange.Nde Obasanjo woɗɗi Ibadan e lewru noowammbar 1968, gure jogiiɗe kaɓirɗe ɗe fedde remooɓe Agbekoya moofti, njani e galle laamorɗo Ibadan. Konuuji ɗii njaabtii, mbari sappo e fitinaaji ɗii. Nde Obasanjo arti o yamiri yo ñaawirde ƴeewto kewuuji ɗii.

Yamiroore konu: 1967-1970

"Kolonel Olu Obasanjo, gardinooɗo diɗɗal tataɓal". Jaaynde Naajeeriya keso, hello 7, 12 lewru Yarkomaa 1970. Gagga hare nder leydi Naajeeriya e Biafra.

Ndeen Obasanjo toɗɗaama hooreejo caggal diɗɗal ɗiɗaɓal Murtala Muhammed, gollotoongal to Mid-Ouest. Obasanjo ina jooɗii to Ibadan, ko kañum halfinaa Division ɗiɗaɓo oo jogaade kaɓirɗe. E nder wuro ngo, Obasanjo jannginii course ganndal konu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan, o mahi jokkondiral makko e nder elite Yoruba. E nder wolde nde, wonno ko jiiɓru mawndu e nder Dowla Hirnaange, ngam daɗde e ɗeen geɗe, Obasanjo woppi golle e nder Diiso doosɗe Dowla Hirnaange. Nde Obasanjo woɗɗi Ibadan e lewru noowammbar 1968, wuro ngo ina jogii balɗe, ngo fedde remooɓe Agbekoya moofti, yani e galle laamorɗo Ibadan. Konuuji ɗii njaabtii, mbari sappo e fitinaaji ɗii. Nde Obasanjo arti o yamiri yo ñaawirde ƴeewto kewuuji ɗii.

Gowon felliti lomtaade Kolonel Benjamin Adekunle, ardinooɗo njanngu Biafra, kono ina haani Yoruba mawɗo goɗɗo. O suɓii ko Obasanjo, hay so tawii noon o alaa humpito hare. Obasanjo arii Port Harcourt ngam heɓtude golle ɗee ñalnde 16 mee 1969 ; o ardii hannde hakkunde 35 000 e 40 000 soldaat. O waɗii jonte jeegom gadane ɗee ko e riiwtude njangu Biafran e Aba. O yilliima kala nokku e yeeso, o gaañiiɗo e waɗde ɗum. Ɗee golle ngaddi mo innde cuusal e nder worɓe makko E lewru desaambar, Obasanjo fuɗɗii golle Finishing Touch, yamiri konu mum yo yahru yeeso feewde Umuahia, ngu ɓe ƴetti ñalnde Natal. Ɗum taƴii Biafra e feccere. Ñalnde 7 lewru Yarkomaa 1970, o ummini ndeen « Operation Tail-Wind », o heɓti laana ndiwoowa Uli ñalnde 12 lewru Yarkomaa. E oon sahaa, ardiiɓe Biafran njaɓi yoɓde.

Ñalnde 13 lewru nduu, Obasanjo jokkondiri e komandaajo konu Biafran biyeteeɗo Philip Effiong. Obasanjo wi'i sooja'en Biafran hokka balmi maɓɓe, nden boo suɓol ardiiɓe lesdi ndi'i ɗon yaha Lagos, ɓe hokka Gowon dow laawol. Janngo mum, Obasanjo haali e rajo diiwaan oo, o wiyi ɓiɓɓe leydi ndi yo njokku e galleeji mum en, o dartina kisal mum en. Biafranaaɓe heewɓe e jaayɗe goɗɗe ina kuli wonde konu leydi Najeriya ina waawi waɗde bonanndeeji keewɗi e yimɓe foolɓe ɓee, hay so tawii noon Obasanjo ina yiɗi haɗde ɗum. O yamiri konu makko e nder diiwaan hee yo heddo e nder galleeji mum en, jokkude wonde polis nokku oo ina foti ƴettude kuule ngam ƴellitde sariya e deeƴre. Division tataɓo, ɓurɗo woɗɗude, waɗii hareeji warngooji e yimɓe nokku oo. Obasanjo ina tiiɗi e waɗooɓe bonannde ndee, sibu waɗɓe warngooji ɗii mberlaama, waɗɓe warngooji ɗii mbardaa. Laamu Gowon waɗi Obasanjo kalfinaaɗo naatnude Biafra e nder leydi Najeriya, e nder oon darnde o heɓi teddungal ngam teeŋtinde mawngu. Ko o injenieer, o teeŋtinii artirde jolngo ndiyam ; haa lewru mee 1970 gure mawɗe diiwaan oo fof njokkondirii e jolngo ndiyam. Darnde Obasanjo e timminde wolde nde waɗi mo jaambaaro wolde, kadi ko o neɗɗo ganndiraaɗo e nder leydi Najeriya.

Kuugal maako ɓaawo konu lesdi: 1970-1975

E lewru suwee 1970, Obasanjo arti Abeokuta, jamaanu jaɓɓii mo no jaambaaro garoowo nii. Ndeen o neldaama to Lagos, o woni Brigadier gardinooɗo Korse Innjiniyankooɓe. E lewru oktoobar, Gowon hollitii wonde laamu militeer en ina rokka laamu nguu laamu siwil e hitaande 1976. E nder ɗuum, haɗde lanndaaji politik ina heddii e doole ; Gowon yahri yeeso seeɗa e sosde laamu siwil. E les laamu sooja'en, Obasanjo jooɗi nder goomu limngal sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya, ko laarani limngal sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya nder duuɓi 1970. E hitaande 1974 Obasanjo yahi to leydi Angalteer ngam janngude to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Royal College to bannge diine. Nde o arti, e lewru Yarkomaa 1975 Gowon toɗɗii mo Komisariyaa Golle e Koɗki, golle ɗe o joginoo fotde lebbi jeeɗiɗi, e nder ɗuum o ɓuri waawde mahde kaɓirɗe konu.

E hitaande 1970, Obasanjo soodi sosiyatee Libannaajo ɓooyɗo to Ibadan, o gollini heen awokaa ngam ƴellitde ɗum. E hitaande 1973 o winnditii fedde wiyeteende Temperance Enterprises Limited, nde o waawi waɗde heen golle njulaagu caggal nde o woppi golle konu. O jokki kadi e waɗde heen jawdi ; e hitaande 1974 o joginoo galleeji ɗiɗi to Lagos e gooto fof to Ibadan e Abeokuta. Haalaaji ummii wonde Obasanjo ina jokki e waɗde njulaagu nguu ina ɓeydoo yaajde e nder leydi Najeriya, hay so tawii noon alaa ko holliti ɗum ko laaɓti. Dewgal makko e Oluremi wonti caɗeele nde o salii jokkondiral makko e rewɓe woɗɓe. E cakkital kitaale 1970 dewgal maɓɓe fusi.

E hitaande 1976 o resi Stella Abebe e nder kewu aadaaji Yoruba.

E nder laamu Murtala

Kuudetaa 1975 e caggal mum

Binndanɗe mawɗe: Kuudetaa laamu Nijeer e hitaande 1975 e Kawtal konu Nijeer (1966–1979)

E lewru sulyee 1975, kuudetaa e gardagol Shehu Muusaa Yar’Adua e Yuusuf Garba liɓi Gowon, o dogi fayti Angalteer. Ɓe kaalaani Obasanjo e peeje maɓɓe nde tawnoo omo anndiraa wonde kuudetaa ko kuutorgal waylude laamu. Kuudetaaji ɗii njiɗnoo ko lomtinde laamu otokaraasi Gowon nguu e laamu tati (triumvirate) brigadieruuji tati ɗi Diiso Toowngo Konu ina waawi haɗde kuule mum en. Ngalɗoo laamu tati, ɓe cemmbini Seneraal Murtala Muhammed yo won hooreejo leydi, Obasanjo woni ɗiɗaɓo e gardagol mum, Danjuma woni tataɓo. Daartoowo biyeteeɗo John Iliffe teskiima wonde e nder triumvirate, Obasanjo ko « puccu gollordu e ngaandi » , ko kanko ɓuri yaawde hootde e laamu siwil. E nder heen, triumvirate oo naatni peeje ustude ngalu ngam haɗde inflation, sosi Biro toppitiiɗo ko fayti e golle bonɗe, lomtini guwerneeruuji militeer en ɗii fof ofiseeji kesi, ɓe cifotoo ko Obasanjo woni hooreejo konu, ɓe puɗɗii "Operation Deadwood" mo ɓe ndartini ofiseeji civil 11,000.

Mawɗo gollordu, suudu sarɗiiji: 1975–76

E lewru oktoobar 1975, laamu nguu hollitii peeje ngam waɗde woote ɗe mbaɗata ngam laamu siwil e lewru oktoobar 1979. Ngu hollitii kadi peeje ngam sosde goomu ngam ƴettude doosgal leydi kesal, tawi ko Obasanjo ɓuri waawde suɓaade terɗe goomu nguu 49. E dow wasiyaaji Komiseer Irifeke, laamu nguu hollitii kadi sosde dowlaaji jeeɗiɗi kesi ; e dow tiiɗnaare Obasanjo, Abeokuta ina foti wonde laamorgo gooto e ɗeen dowlaaji kesi, hono Ogun. Kadi dow wasiyaaji komitiiru ndun, ɓe anndini anniyaaji seeɗa-seeɗa ngam wurtinki laamorgo lesdi Naajeeriya diga Lagos haa Abuja ɓurduɗum caka. E lewru Yarkomaa 1976, Obasanjo e Danjuma fof ƴettaa e jappeere Lietnaa-Seneraal.

Murtala e Obasanjo fof ina ndartini darnde ngam haɗde koloñaal Oropnaaɓe jokkude e njiimaandi ɓaleeɓe tokosɓe e nder Afrik worgo, ɗum noon ko huunde nde ɓe cuɓii e politik maɓɓe caggal leydi. Ngolɗoo sabaabu ina ɓeydoo wontude ngoƴa Obasanjo. Caggal nde Angolaa heɓti jeytaare mum e juuɗe Portigaal, wolde ɓesngu addi e leydi hee. Naajeeriya anndi laabi laamu ngu MPLA, fedde marxist en nde Dental Sowiyet walli, sabu laamu luulndiingu FNLA e UNITA ina mballita e laamu ɓaleeɓe tokosɓe to Afrik worgo. Ko jiidaa e rokkude MPLA ballal kaalis, Niiseer fuɗɗiima ƴattaade leyɗeele Afrik goɗɗe ngam kadi jaɓde njuɓɓudi MPLA, e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1976 ko ɓuri heewde e dowlaaji e nder Fedde Ngootaagu Afrik (OAU) mbaɗii ɗum. E lewru feebariyee 1976, Obasanjo ardii delegaasiyoŋ Najeriya ngam mawninde hitaande MPLA to Luanda, ɗo o wiyi : « ko ñalngu maantiniingu, ko ɗum fuɗɗoode hare sakkitiinde ngam haɓaade koloñaal, imperiyaalisma e njiyaagu e nder Afrik ».

Warngo Murtala : 13 feebariyee 1976

E lewru feebariyee 1976, kolonel Buka Suka Dimka waɗi kuudetaa e laamu Nijeer, tawi ko ndeen Seneraal Murtala Muhammed waraa. Eɓɓoore kadi waɗaama e nguurndam Obasanjo, kono neɗɗo mo fotaani waraa. Dimka ŋakkiraa ballal mawngal e nder militeer en, kuudetaa makko ronki, ɗum addani mo dogde. Obasanjo tawtoraaki wirwirnde Murtala to Kano, kono o hollitii laamu nguu ina jogori yoɓde mahngo juulirde e nokku ɗo o wirnaa ɗoo.

Caggal nde o waraa, Obasanjo tawtoraama batu Diiso Toowngo Konu. O hollitii yiɗde makko woppude laamu, kono Diiso ngoo heɓiino ɗaɓɓude yo o lomto Murtala e gardagol leydi ndii. Ko ɗum waɗi o wonti hooreejo diiso ngoo.E nder kulhuli makko e ɓeydagol eɓɓooji e nguurndam makko, Obasanjo naati e nder kasoo Dodan, tawi 39 neɗɗo tuumaaɗo wonde e nder kuudetaa Dimka mbaraa, ɗum jibini tuumeede wonde jaabawol Obasanjo ngol ina heewi. Ko Obasanjo woni hooreejo leydi ndi, o huniima jokkude dawrugol Murtala.

Triumvirat konu

E anndude kulhuli gonɗi e woɗɗude yimɓe woyla Naajeeriya, Obasanjo addi Seneraal Shehu Yar'Adua ngam lomtaade mo e ɗiɗaɓo e gardagol hooreejo konu, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe toowɗo timminoowo triumvirate militeer en, Obasanjo woni hooreejo leydi e Seneraal Theophilus Stajumabli ngam laamaade dow tato we- laamu konu. Obasanjo hirjinii jeewte e nanondiral hakkunde Diiso Toowngo Konu. Heewɓe ina kaawaa hol ko waɗi Obasanjo – hono Yoruba e Kerecee – toɗɗaade Yar’Adua, tergal e aristokraasi worgo, yo won gardiiɗo ɗiɗaɓo mum, wonaa banndiiko Yoruba Kerecee.

Obasanjo teeŋtinii kulhuli ngenndiiji e dow ɗi diiwanuuji ɗii ; o hirjini sukaaɓe e mawɓe fof nde njanngata fodoore ngenndiire hesere ndee e jimɗi ngenndiiji ɗii. Nafoore heɓde miijooji ɓurɗi yaajde, ñalnde aset kala omo waɗa seminar mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa toɓɓere nde yimɓe ɓe ngonaa politikaaji e gollotooɓe laamu noddata. Ina jeyaa e ɓe o ɗaɓɓirta wasiyaaji mum en, annduɓe lislaam e mawɓe aadaaji.

Politik faggudu

Obasanjo wondude e hooreejo leydi Amerik biyeteeɗo Jimmy Carter to galle laamorɗo Amerik e hitaande 1977

E cakkital kitaale 1970, leydi Naajeeriya ina joginoo faggudu ɓurndu heewde doole, tawi noon ko 34% e inflation. Ngam haɓugo bee caɗeele faggudu lesdi Naajeeriya, Obasanjo tokki dabareeji cemmbiɗinki ceede ngam ustugo ceede laamu. E nder bidsee makko 1976, Obasanjo eɓɓi ustude njoɓdi laamu nguu fotde feccere, ustude eɓɓaaɗe tedduɗe, tawa ina ɓeyda njoɓdi jaŋde, cellal, galleeji, e ndema. O sosi kadi goomu ngam haɓaade inflation, e nder hitaande wootere caggal nde Obasanjo heɓi laamu, inflation ustii haa 30%. Obasanjo ina heewi yiɗde ñamlude kaalis, kono e ballal Banke Adunayankeewo e Fonds Monétaire International, Nijeer ƴetti ñamlude miliyaaruuji 1 dolaar e fedde bankeeji. Ɓeen ñiŋooɓe leftist en mbiyi wonde waɗde ɗum ina addana leydi ndii ɗooftaade kapitaalisma. E nder duuɓi ɗiɗi garooji ɗii, laamu Obasanjo, Nijeer ƴettii 4 983 miliyoŋ dolaar goɗɗo.

Naajeeriya ina wondi e ɓeydagol fotde 3% hitaande kala e nder kitaale 1970, huunde nde fotnoo ɓeydaade fotde laabi ɗiɗi e nder duuɓi 25 seeɗa. Obasanjo teskiima caggal ɗuum wonde o anndaa ɗum e oon sahaa, sibu laamu makko alaa politik e ƴellitde yimɓe. Ɓeydagol yimɓe leydi Naajeeriya addani ɓe ɓeydaade yaawde e nder gure mawɗe e ŋakkeende cuuɗi e nder gure. Ngam haɓaade ɗum, bidsee Obasanjo e hitaande 1976 hollitii peeje mahngo 200 000 galle keso haa hitaande 1980, hay so tawii noon ko 28 500 tan mahaa.E hitaande 1976, laamu Obasanjo kadi hollitii wonde ina jogori ƴellitde renndo e cogguuli. Ngam haɓaade jiiɓru seppooji gollotooɓe, e hitaande 1976 laamu Obasanjo yaltinii sariyaaji cifotooɗi ko ɓuri heewde e gollorɗe mawɗe ko sarwisaaji baɗɗi faayiida, haɗi seppooji e nder mum en, yamiri nanngugol ardiiɓe senndikaaji jiiɓru. E hitaande 1978 nde hawriti senndikaaji 42 e nder fedde wootere nde gollotooɓe e leydi Nijeer.

Obasanjo jokki bee taskaramji tati mawɗi ngam ndiyam haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya ɗi arannde anndinaama les Murtala: taskaramji maayo Kano, taskaramji Bakalori, e taskaramji ndiyam Chad Sud. Laamu makko kadi jokki eɓɓooji ƴellitaare ndema puɗɗanooɗi to Funtua, Gusau, e Gombe. Won eɓɓaaɗe ƴellitgol laddeeji kadi puɗɗaama ngam haɗde njiimaandi Saharaa to bannge worgo. Ngam heɓde ko ɓuri heewde e ɗaɓɓaande leydi ndii e kuuraa, Obasanjo ardiima udditgol eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi kese ngam ƴellitde kuuraa e nder ndiyam e ƴulɓe. Industry petrol heddii ko huunde mawnde e faggudu leydi Naajeeriya e les laamu Obasanjo, ministeer petrol hawtii e fedde petroŋ leydi Naajeeriya ngam sosde fedde petroŋ leydi Naajeeriya (NNPC). Obasanjo kadi wallitii sosde lowre liggorde to Bonny, nde NNPC yoɓi 62% ; eɓɓaande ndee ko lomto makko woppi ɗum e nder ɓeydagol coodguuli. Obasanjo jokki kadi e peewnugol njuɓɓudi njamndi mboɗeeri Ajaokuta, eɓɓaande ndonaandi nde heewɓe e ñiŋooɓe e nder sarwisaaji laamu mbiyata ko nde waawataa huutoreede.

E nder cakkital kitaale 1970, Naajeeriya kadi ina wondi e ustaare ndema, ko ɗum huunde nde laamuuji jokkondirɗi ɗii njiyti ko ɓuri hoybude e naatde e nguura e nder leydi ndii. E lewru mee 1976, Obasanjo fuɗɗii « Operation Feed the Nation » (Operation Feed the Nation), woni eɓɓaande ngam wuurtinde ndema tokoosa, tawi ina jeyaa heen yoɓeede almudɓe ngam remde e nder balɗe juulde. Eɓɓaande ndee ina waɗi kadi momtugol njoɓɗeele e nguura jawdi e kaɓirɗe ndema, e ballal kuutoragol tovo ngo, e ustude njoɓɗeele ndema. E lewru marse 1978, Obasanjo yaltini kuulal kuutoragol leydi ndi rokki laamu nguu hakkeeji jeyi leydi e dow leydi ndii kala. Ɗum waɗiraa ko ngam haɗde njulaagu leydi e njulaagu leydi, kadi addani ɗum yetteede e bannge nano leydi Najeriya hay so tawii noon ko galleeji keewɗi jogiiɗi leydi njiɗaa ɗum. Obasanjo yiyri ɗum ko e geɗe teeŋtuɗe laamu mum. Obasanjo wallitorii reentaade Gowon ngam waɗde heen jawdi mum caggal leydi, o jokki e ɗeen politikaaji. Politik faggudu ngenndiyankaagal e nder sekteeruuji teeŋtuɗi ina usta njulaagu keeriiɗo, ɗum addani ɗum ustude njulaagu, hay so tawii noon daraniiɓe ɗum ɓee ina njetta Obasanjo ngam dartinde diisnondiral kaalis so renndinaama e ardiiɓe mum.

Politikuuji nder leydi

O (Obasanjo) jokki e ƴamol jaŋde leslesre winndereyankoore e nder leydi Najeriya, politik ronkaama e Gowon. O naatini sariya jaŋde leslesre e hitaande 1976 ; hakkunde 1975–76 e 1979–80, binnditagol e duɗe leslese ɗe njoɓaaka kono ɗe njiɗaa, ɓeydiima gila e miliyoŋaaji 6 haa 12,5 miliyoŋ, hay so tawii noon jannginooɓe e kaɓirɗe ina ŋakki ngam waawde huutoraade ɗaɓɓaande ndee. E hitaande jaŋde 1977–78, Obasanjo naatni jaŋde hakkundeere nde alaa ko yoɓetee e fannuuji karallaagal, huunde nde yaajnaa e denndaangal jaŋde hakkundeere e hitaande 1979–80.

E oon sahaa gooto, leydi Naajeeriya ustii kaalis jaŋde toownde ; e hitaande 1978 nde woppi rokkude ñamaale almudɓe, nde ɓeydi fotde laabi tati njoɓdi nguura e hoɗorde duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Seppooji janngooɓe mbaɗi e nder gure keewɗe, waɗii warngooji baɗnooɗi e nder wuro Lagos e Zaria. E nder jaabawol fitinaaji ɗii, Obasanjo udditi duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde keewɗe, haɗi golle politik e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde, haɗi kadi fedde janngooɓe leydi Najeriya. Tiiɗnaare ɗeen peeje ina gasa tawa ko sabu tuumeede wonde fitinaaji almudɓe ɗii ina njokkondiri e kuudetaa militeer peewnaaɗo e lewru feebariyee 1978. Obasanjo ina mettini e jikkuuji almudɓe seppooɓe ɓee, o wiyi wonde ɗum ina hollita ruttaade e nafooje aadaaji ko wayi no hormaade almudɓe.

Ngam batte ɓamtaare laamu Naajeeriya, leydi ndi yi’i ɓamtaare mawnde nder kuuɗe laamu. Seedeeji peeñii ko feewti e fenaande mawnde e nder laamu leydi ndii, tee, so tawii tuume ɗee ina keewi waɗeede e Obasanjo e hoore mum, alaa seedeeji tiiɗɗi peeñi. Ngam haɗde natal njulaagu e nder laamu, laamu Obasanjo haɗii huutoraade otooji Mercedes ngam waɗde otooji laamu, e lomtaade ɗum en, ɓe mbaɗti heen otooji Peugeot 504 ɓurɗi hoybude Naatgol champagne kadi haɗaama. E ƴaañde taƴgol konu, laamu Obasanjo yiyri 12 000 soldaat ina ndartinaa e nder duuɓi 1976 e 1977. Ɗee konu njalti ko e nokkuuji kesi ngam wallitde ɗum en e jokkondirde e nguurndam siwil en.

Obasanjo kadi ina tuuma wonde ko kañum woni sabaabu ƴaañgol politik. E nder yeewtere wootere maantiniinde, koɗorɗe jimoowo e daraniiɗo politik Najeriya biyeteeɗo Fela Kuti, Republique Kalakuta, yani, yani haa laaɓi, caggal nde tergal e fedde makko hawri e yimɓe konu. Fela e ɓesngu mum piyi, njuppaa, yumma mum mawɗo, daraniiɗo politik e yumma mum sosɗo Chief Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, werlaa e windo. Ɗum addani mo gaañiiɓe no feewi, haa arti noon e maayde makko. Fela caggal ɗuum nawti kees to galle hooreejo leydi ndii e oon sahaa to Dodan Barracks to Lagos ngam salaade ƴaañde laamu nguu e politik.

Politik caggal leydi

Hooreejo leydi Amerik biyeteeɗo Jimmy Carter ina wondi e Obasanjo e njillu mum to leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1978

Obasanjo ina yiɗi tabitinde leydi Najeriya no ardorde mawnde e nder Afrik nii, e nder laamu makko, doole mum e nder duunde nde ɓeydiima. O ummini dabare Gowon ngam waɗugo julde ɗiɗaɓre nder duuniyaaru ngam naalankaaku e pinal ɓaleeɓe e afriknaajo haa lesdi Naajeeriya; ɗum waɗi ko to Lagos e lewru feebariyee 1977, hay so tawii noon ñaawooɓe nder leydi ndii mbiyi ko ɗum huunde nde alaa ko nafata. Obasanjo hokkii ɗuuɗal teddungal dow Dental Faggudu lesɗe Afrik Hirnaange (ECOWAS) nden o mettini ɗuuɗɓe nder terɗe maako ɗemngal Farayse ɓaawo o wi'i, bana no Naajeeriya ɓuri wallugo ceede ngam hukuuma kan, Naajeeriya foti jaɓɓaago hukuumaaji pamari ɗin haa Lagos. Jokkondiral e Ganaa ɓadiiɗo kadi ustii ; e hitaande 1979, leydi Nijeer taƴii petroŋ e nder leydi ndii ngam salaade warngooji luulndiiɓe politik ɗi laamu kesu ngu Jerry Rawlings wari.

E laamu Obasanjo, Naajeeriya ustii jokkondiral mum juutngal e leydi Angalteer, ɓeydi jokkondirde e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. Obasanjo ina yiɗi laamu hooreejo leydi Amerik biyeteeɗo Jimmy Carter, cuɓaaɗo e hitaande 1976, sabu Carter ina joginoo darnde tiiɗnde ngam tabitinde laamu ɓurngu heewde e Afrik worgo. Ambasadeer Carter to leydi Nijeer, hono Andrew Young, waɗii sehilaagal tiiɗngal e Obasanjo, Carter yilliima leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1978. Kono tan, kuulal ngam waylude alkule ɗee waɗiraa ko ngam dalillaaji laaɓtuɗi, wonaa miijooji ; yiytude petroŋ e nder maayo worgo firti ko Angalteer wontii ƴaañoowo wonaa soodoowo petroŋ Nijeer.Laamu Obasanjo kadi ina mettini heen no feewi nde Angalteer salii yoɓde Gowon, ina sikka wonde laamu Angalteer ina waawi wonde e kuudetaa mo Murtala waɗi. Ngam ɗeeɗoo hujjaaji, e hitaande 1976 nde miijii dartinde jokkondiral dipolomaasi e Angalteer, kono haa jooni nde dartinaani. Obasanjo noon saliima yahde Angalteer, o semmbini ardiiɓe makko waɗde ɗum. Jokkondiral ngal ɓeydii bonde nde Margaret Thatcher wonti gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1979, o fuɗɗii waɗde feere ɓurnde welde e njuɓɓudi laamu ɓaleeɓe tokosɓe to Rodesi e Afrik worgo. E nder jaabawol ngol, Naajeeriya nanngi laanawol ndiyam lesdi Naajeeriya, ngol ɓe tammi ɗon nastina petrol Naajeeriya haa lesdi Naajeeriya, ɓe haɗi hukuumaaji pamari Biritaniya ngam heɓugo kuuɗe Naajeeriya, ɓe nastini kuuɗe BP haa lesdi Naajeeriya.

Obasanjo ina yiɗi kadi yaawnaade joofnude laamu ɓaleeɓe tokosɓe e nder Afrik worgo ; e wiyde Iliffe, ɗum wonti « cakkital politik makko caggal leydi ». Naajeeriya hokki ballal ngam haɓugo bee laamu daneeji nder diiwal ngal, hokki hukuumaaji pamari ɗi'i uddita birooji haa Lagos, nden hokki hukuumaaji pamari ɗin ɗon hokka mooɓgal feere-feere dogguɓe laamuuji lesdi Afrika fombinaari. E ƴettude peeje tiiɗɗe ngam haɓaade laamu apartaayd to Afrik worgo, Obasanjo hollitii wonde Nijeer naatataa e Olimpiyaaji 1976 sabu leydi Nuwel Selannde, tawtoraaɗo kawgel ngel, ina joginoo jokkondiral e Afrik worgo, leydi ndi haɗaa tawtoreede kawgel ngel sabu apartaayd. E hitaande 1977, Obasanjo haɗi kala kontraaji jokkondirɗi e Afrik worgo golloraade e nder leydi Nijeer ; sosiyateeji mawɗi ɗi njippii ɗii ko petroŋ Angalteer e Banke Barclays. E ndeen hitaande kadi, leydi Nijeer yuɓɓinii batu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam haɓaade apartaayd to Lagos, Obasanjo yilliima Amerik e lewru oktoobar ɗo o wiyi leydi ndii yo woppu yeeyde kaɓirɗe to Afrik worgo. Nde o woni nder leydi ndi'i o wolwi haa kawtal hoore lesdi ndi'i nden asaweeje ɗiɗi ɓaawo man Naajeeriya heɓi jooɗorde nder kawtal lesdi ndi'i.

Fiilde Margaret Thatcher e hitaande 1979 ngam wonde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Angalteer, addani jokkondiral Angalteer e Niiseer bonnude ; Obasanjo miijii ko o yurmeende no feewi e laamuuji daneeji tokoosi e nder Afrik worgo

Luulndaade laamu ɓaleeɓe tokosɓe e nder leydi Rodesi, addaniino hare Bush e nder leydi Rodesi, laamu Obasanjo ina jokki e wiyde wonde ko hare balɗe tan woni feere ngam foolde laamu Rodesi. O hirjinii ngootaagu hakkunde pelle ceertuɗe luulndiiɗe laamu toon, o wiyi Robert Mugabe, hooreejo ZANU, yo jaɓ ardaade luulndiiɗo makko, hono Joshua Nkomo mo ZAPU. E hitaande 1977, Angalteer e Amerik ciifi eɓɓaaɗe ngam waylude laamu ɓurngu heewde e Rodesi, e nder yonta mo leydi ndii woni e les njiimaandi doole Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Obasanjo jaɓii eɓɓaande ndee, o yilliima Tansani, Sammbi, Mosammbik, e Republiik Demokaratik Konngo ngam wiyde laamuuji mum en yo mbaɗ noon. Kono caggal nde Thatcher wonti gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Angalteer, leydi Nijeer woɗɗitii hoore mum e darnde Angalteer ngam haɗde wolde Bush Rhodesian, o woppitaa kala darnde teeŋtunde e nder golle ɗe Angalteer waɗi, ɗe ngaddani wooteeji demokaraasi ɗi leƴƴi keewɗi mbaɗi e hitaande...

Ko o hooreejo leydi, Obasanjo tawtoraama batuuji OAU. E oon sahaa yuɓɓinaa e lewru sulyee 1977, o eɓɓi sosde goomu jooɗiiɗo ngam haɓaade luural hakkunde leyɗeele jeyaaɗe e OAU. E batu 1978, o jeertinii wonde banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ina poti naatde e wolde huuɓtodinnde. E nder batu garoowo oo, o wiyi yo konu Pan-Afriknaajo sose, baawɗo waɗde golle ngam hisnude jam e nder duunde he. Ngam ɓamtuki darnde lesdi Naajeeriya nder duuniyaaru, Obasanjo nasti nder kuuɗe feere-feere ɗe lesdi Naajeeriya nder Afrika fuu. E hitaande 1977, o heɓtinii Benin e Togo yoo ndartin luural hakkunde keeri mum en, nguddita keeri mum en. O etinooma kadi haɓaade luural hakkunde leyɗeele keewɗe Fuɗnaange Afrik, o haɗa ɗum kadi ruttaade e Dental Fuɗnaange Afrik, kono o dañii heen caɗeele. Ko o hooreejo goomu jokkondire OAU, o etinooma jokkondire Ogaden hakkunde Ecoppi e Somali kono kadi o dañaani. O waawaano kadi feewnude luural peeñngal hakkunde Angalteer e leydi Konngo.

E innde OAU, Obasanjo waɗii batu to Kano ngam haɓaade hare hakkunde leyɗeele Caad. Feddeeji keewɗi njaɓii darnude wolde, sosde laamu ngootaagu ngenndi, e accude konu leydi Najeriya ina waɗa jam. Hare nden noon jokki, Naajeeriya jaabtii e taƴde petroŋ mum to Caad. Koolol ɗiɗmol ko faati e hare ndee waɗii to Lagos e lewru ut 1979, ɗum addani laamu nguu sosde laamu nguu, ngu juutaani. E hitaande sakkitiinde e laamu makko konu, o ardii golle OAU ngam safrude wolde Saharaa hirnaange.

Jaltugol laamu

Laamu militeer en hawri ko e goomu ƴettugol doosɗe leydi ngam ƴettude doosgal kesal potngal huutoreede e nder mbayliigu laamu siwil. Goomu nguu hollitii wonde Naajeeriya ina foti waylude laamu mum, ngu tuugii ko e laamu parlemaa leydi Angalteer, ngu tuugnii e laamu hooreejo leydi Amerik, ɗo hooreejo leydi gooto cuɓaaɗo woni hooreejo leydi e hooreejo laamu. Ngam haɗude oo hooreejo leydi wontude diktatoor, hono no waɗirnoo e nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder Afrik nii, o ɗaɓɓi ƴeewndorɗe keewɗe e doole maɓɓe, haa arti noon e njuɓɓudi fedde nde, ɗo juɓɓule cuɓaaɗe keertiiɗe ngoni ɗoo e to bannge fedde, to bannge dowri, to bannge nokkuuji. Eɓɓaande doosgal leydi ndii yaltinaa ko e lewru oktoobar 1976, nde yeewtidaa e yeeso yimɓe fof e hitaande aroore ndee.Asamblee doosgal leydi hawri ngam yeewtidde e eɓɓaande doosgal leydi ndii e lewru oktoobar 1977. Asaambele leydi ndii ina jokki e ƴeewde hol darnde nde sariya sharia rokkata e nder doosgal leydi ndii. Obasanjo noddii dental ngal, o jeertini ɓe batte kuulal ngal ɓe mbaɗi e renndo, o wiyi ɓe yo ɓe ƴettu jikkuuji ɓurɗi moƴƴude. E lewru suwee 1978, Diiso toowngo konu (Conseil suprême militaire) habri doosɗe leydi kese ɗee ; nde waɗiino waylooji keewɗi e mbaydi ndi asaambele doosgal leydi ndii ƴetti.

Yanti e doosgal kesal ngal, Obasanjo itti haɗde lanndaaji politik. Ndeen pelle keewɗe mbaɗii ngam tawtoreede wooteeji garooji ɗii, ko ɓuri teeŋtude heen ko lannda ngootaagu Yoruba, lannda yimɓe Naajeeriya, e lannda ngenndiijo Naajeeriya. Obasanjo mettini heen no feewi nde tawnoo heewɓe e dawriyankooɓe ina mbaɗa fodoore nde ɓe mbaawataa ɗooftaade. Woote ɗee mbaɗi ko e nder lewru sulyee e lewru ut 1979. Wootooɓe ɓee ina pamɗi, ko hakkunde 30 e 40% e wootooɓe winnditiiɓe e sariya, tee ina waɗi fenaande banngeeji keewɗi, hay so tawii noon ko jam. Wonno ko jeewte ko fayti e hol keɓɗo woote hooreleydaagu, Obasanjo salii ñaawde, o wiyi yo Komisariyaa woote ƴetta oon darnde.Ɓe kollitii wonde Shehu Shagari woni keɓɗo, huunde nde gardiiɗo ɗiɗaɓo oo, hono Obafemi Awolowo, luulndii to Ñaawirde Toownde, tawi o dañaani heen nafoore. Shagari ƴetti laamu ko e lewru oktoobar 1979 ; e nder kewu udditgol makko, Obasanjo rokki Shagari koppi doosgal leydi kesal. Ko ɗum woni fuɗɗoode Republique ɗiɗaɓere leydi Najeriya.

Darnde Obasanjo nder wartirki lesdi Naajeeriya haa laamu siwil, ɗum laatoto darnde woore nde o jogi nder duuɓi cappanɗe ɗiɗi garooji. Kono yimɓe heewɓe e nder leydi ndii e caggal leydi, ina jeyaa heen hooreejo leydi Zambie, hono Kenneth Kaunda e hooreejo leydi Togo, hono Gnassingbé Eyadéma, ina ɗaɓɓi e makko yo o heddo e laamu. Jaɓde makko wallitde Awolowo, banndiiko Yoruba, addani mo gaño ko heewi e elite Yoruba. Awolowo tuumi Obasanjo ko kanko woni orkestraaji Shagari, huunde nde Obasanjo yeddi no feewi.

Ko adii laamu (1979-1999)

Ko adii nde o yaltata laamu, e lewru abriil 1979, Obasanjo ƴetti hoore mum e darnde seneraal ; ko o seneraal koode nay o jokki e heɓde njoɓdi dowla. Nde o woppi golle e lewru oktoobar, o arti Abeokuta. Caggal nde o waɗi kursus jonte jeegom to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde heblo ndema, Obasanjo ƴetti hoore mum e ndema, omo ɗaminii waɗde yeru e hirjinde ƴellitaare ndema. O heɓi ko famɗi fof 230 ektaar leydi to Ota ngam sosde ngesa makko, o naati ɗoon e galle ngesa birik. Wonno ko gaññeeje nokkuyankooje e dañde leydi ndi haa heewi, ñaawirɗe keewɗe ngaddaama e makko sabu ɗuum. Golle makko ndema yuɓɓinaama e fedde makko wiyeteende Temperance, caggal ɗuum o inniri ɗum « Obasanjo’s Farms Limited ». O waɗti heen hakkille teeŋtuɗo e ndema colli ; e cakkital kitaale 1980, ngesa makko ina ɓuuɓna 140 000 cukalel e yontere. O sosi kadi gese e nder gure goɗɗe to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, e hitaande 1987 gese makko ina njogii ko ina tolnoo e 400 gollotooɗo e nokkuuji jeetati. Hono no yimɓe Yoruba woɗɓe lolluɓe nii, Obasanjo ina wallitnoo almudɓe miskineeɓe to duɗal makko ɓooyngal to Abeokuta.

Obasanjo ɓeydii ñiŋde laamu siwil Shagari, o wiyi hooreejo leydi ndii ina famɗi semmbe, ina ŋakkiraa peeje. Naajeeriya nasti nder ɓillaaji faggudu ngam waylaaki coggu petrol nder duuniyaaru. E lewru mee 1983, mawɓe konu ɗaɓɓiri Obasanjo nde ƴettata laamu leydi ndii kadi, kono o salii. E lewru desaambar, ɓe liɓi Shagari tawi Obasanjo alaa heen, e nder kuudetaa mo yiyaani fitinaaji seeɗa. Muhammadu Buhari laati hooreejo lesdi sooje'en keso. Obasanjo fuɗɗii wallugo laamu Buhari, o wi'i demokaraasi wakiili'en ɗon ƴaɓɓitoo haa lesdi Naajeeriya. O yetti Buhari ngam haɓugo bee cemmbiɗinki lesdi, o ɗon mari feccere nder nastirde lesdi, nden o ɗon wartira budget booɗɗum. E lewru ut 1985, Buhari kadi liɓaama, hooreejo konu Ibraahiima Babangida ƴetti laamu. Obasanjo ina ñiŋa won e peeje faggudu ɗe Babangida waɗi, haa arti noon e ustude njoɓdi naira. E hitaande 1992, luulndaare makko e laamu Babangida addani mo noddude yo leydi Najeriya artire demokaraasi. O fuɗɗii kadi salaade politikaaji faggudu (indigenisation) e kitaale 1970, o wiyi doosɗe leydi ina poti haɗde ƴettugol jawdi caggal leydi. E nder ɗuum, o sikki laamu nguu ina foti teeŋtinde ƴellitaare nde laamu nguu ardii. O ɓeydii hulɓinaade ko ɓeydagol yimɓe, toɓɓere nde o yejjitaani nde o woni e laamu, o wiyi Naajeeriyankooɓe yo njogo ɓesnguuji tokoosi "ngam nafoore faggudu maɓɓe e renndo-faggudu ngenndi".

E nder duuɓi sappo e go’o caggal nde Obasanjo woppi laamu, o yaltinii defte nay. E hitaande 1980, Obasanjo wonnoo ko tedduɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan, ɗo o winndi deftere wiyeteende My Command, daartol ko faati e geɗe makko e nder wolde hakkunde leyɗeele ; nde yalti ko e lewru noowammbar ndeen hitaande. Won e janngooɓe ñiŋii ko ɓe njiyri ko Obasanjo ina ŋakkira Murtala Muhammed, Robert Adeyinka Adebayo, mawɗo politik Yoruba, wiyi yo deftere ndee yaltine ngam haɗde nde aawde feccere. Ƴeewirde ɓurnde moƴƴude ndee waɗi ko sehil makko, hono Ken Saro-Wiwa, o innitiri ɗum masterly kono o sikki ko ɗum waɗi ballal rewindaade no feewi. E hitaande 1987, o yaltini Nzeogwu, deftere ciimtol sehil makko Chukwuma Nzeogwu, mo o gollodtonoo to Konngo. Hitaande 1989, deftere Obasanjo yaltini, wiyeteende Doosgal leydi ngam naatgol e ƴellitaare, nde o jeertini e hujjaaji Babangida ngam sosde laamu lanndaaji ɗiɗi e nder leydi Najeriya. E hitaande 1990, deftere makko tataɓere, wiyeteende Not my volonté yalti. Nde rokki ciimtol sahaa nde o laaminoo leydi ndii.

Golle hakkunde leyɗeele: 1979-1993

E hitaande 1986 Obasanjo jokkondiri e Nelson Manndelaa. O hollitii wonde "ko kawral ngal meeɗaa yejjiteede. Mi yiyii e [Mandelaa] Afriknaajo worgo, ko Afriknaajo tigi rigi, kadi ko gardiiɗo winndere mo alaa ko woni e mum. O ɓuri ardiiɓe ɓe min kawri e mum en e nder Afrik worgo ɓee fof."

E yiɗde jogaade semmbe e dingiral winnderewal, Obasanjo udditi Fedde Ardorde Afrik e nder ngesa mum Ota. Tuggi 1981 haa 1982, o jooɗiima kadi e Komiseer Palme, fedde nde gonnooɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Suwed, hono Olof Palme ardii, yeewtidnde ko fayti e ustude kaɓirɗe e kisal winndere. Obasanjo rewi heen ko e jeyeede e goomuuji nannduɗi e ɗii ɗoo, wonande Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, Fedde Adunaare Cellal, e Goomu hakkunde-leyɗeewu ardiiɓe laamuuji ɓooyɗi. Nde Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, hooreejo Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe rafi, Obasanjo hiisetee ko potɗo lomtaade mo. Caggal nde Pérez de Cuéllar holliti woppii laamu, Obasanjo fuɗɗii kampaañ ngam lomtaade mo. E woote Goomu Kisal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, o woni tataɓo, tawi ko Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Ejiptnaajo, ƴetti darnde ndee. O yalti galle makko e njilluuji keewɗi; e hitaande 1986 o yilliima Japon, e hitaande 1987 o yilliima U.S.

E nder luural hakkunde leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik ngam yiɗde ɓurde yooɗde e Afrik worgo, nanondiraama wonde fedde wiyeteende Eminent Persons Group (EPG) ina sosee ngam fuɗɗoraade kaaldigal e laamu Afrik worgo ngam wallitde ɗum e ustude apartaayd. E dow wasiyaaji cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya, hono Emeka Anyaoku, Obasanjo suɓaama ngam ardaade fedde nde e wonndude e gonnooɗo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Ostarali, hono Malcolm Fraser. Obasanjo jaɓi e dow fenaande. E lewru feebariyee 1986, kanko e Fraser ɓe njahi to wuro wiyeteengo Cape Town ɗo ɓe naamndii ngam hawritde e Nelson Manndelaa, daraniiɗo apartaayd, tergal mawngal e nder fedde wiyeteende Congres National Africaine (ANC) haɗaande. Ko Obasanjo tan yamiraa jokkondirde e Manndelaa ; o wiyi caggal ɗuum wonde omo weltii e makko no feewi. Ndeen Obasanjo hawrii e mawɓe ANC wonɓe e egguɓe to Lusaka.

E lewru marse 1986, EPG oo fof yilliima Afrik worgo, e nder yonta mo jiiɓru e fitinaaji nder galleeji ɓeydii mawnude.Ko ɗoon ɓe kawri e mawɓe laamu nguu, ina jeyaa heen gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono P. W. Botha, mo Obasanjo siftini caggal ɗuum wonde ko neɗɗo ɓurɗo muñde mo meeɗaa hawrude. Ciimtol EPG ngol hollitii wonde, so tawii ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe Afrik worgo ina njiɗi nanondiral ngal alaa ko bonnata hakkunde laamu nguu e pelle luulndiiɗe apartaayd, gadano oo yiɗaa miijaade ɗum, tee alaa ko yahri yeeso no feewi ngam joofnude apartaayd. EPG noon hollitii wonde ina haani ɓeydaade tiiɗnaade e nder winndere ndee. Goomu Commonwealth jaɓii ko ciimtol ngol holliti, tawi Angalteer ina luulndii ɗum ; ɗum addani Obasanjo ɓeydaade mettinde Thatcher. Ndeen Commonwealth yamirii mo yo o ardo goomu ngam yuurnitaade ko Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ɗii poti daranaade koye mum en e njiimaandi Afrik worgo.

Caggal nde Botha lomtinaa F. W. de Klerk, ooɗoo ɗiɗaɓo yaltini Manndelaa kasoo. Ina jeyaa e ɗanle Mandelaa gadane caggal leydi, to Niiseer, ɗo o yilli Obasanjo to galle mum. Lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, Obasanjo ardii delegaasiyoŋ Najeriya to Afrik worgo ngam yeewtidde e yimɓe mawɓe politik. E lewru suwee 1991, o yilliima kadi, o wiyi hooreejo Zulu en, hono Mangosuthu Buthelezi, yo waɗ kaaldigal e pelle goɗɗe ngam wallitde dartinde apartaayd e waɗde woote timmuɗe.

Obasanjo kadi golliima e ƴellitaare nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder Afrik. O yilliima Angalteer laabi ɗiɗi e nder hitaande 1988, o wallitii e darnde ngam joofnude wolde hakkunde leyɗeele toon. O yilliima kadi Sudaan laabi tati hakkunde 1987 e 1989, tawi o dañaani heen nafoore, o hirjinii kaaldigal ngam joofnude wolde ɗiɗmere Sudaan. Ndeen o wonii ƴeewoowo e wooteeji gardagol leydi Mosammbik e hitaande 1994. E hitaande 1994 e 1995, o yilliima Burundi, o golliima ngam deeƴnude caɗeele hakkunde leƴƴi Hutu en e Tutsi en. O fuɗɗinooma noddude jokkondiral ɓurngal ɓadaade e nder Afrik, o wiyi ɗum ina waawi heɓtineede e sosde feddeeji jeegom diiwaanuuji. E lewru suwee 1987, o ƴettiino peeje ngam yuɓɓinde Fedde Ardorde Afrik, nde wallitta rokkude karallaagal e heblo wonande politikaaji ummoriiɗi e duunde he kala. Nde fuɗɗii waɗde batuuji, anndiraaɗi « Dialogues de la maison de la ferme » , gila e galle Obasanjo fotde laabi jeegom e nder hitaande. Kadi nde waɗii batuuji winndereeji kala lewru, nde yaltinii jaaynde kala lewru, wiyeteende “Forum Afrique” hakkunde 1991 e 1993.

Haɓde e Abacha: 1992-1995

Obasanjo hollitii kulhuli mum, sibu, hay so tawii o wiyi ina wallita gartugol demokaraasi, Babangida alaa ko anniyaaki so wonaa woppude laamu konu. Caggal nde wooteeji gardagol leydi ndi ndarnaa e hitaande 1992, Obasanjo e Anthony Enahoro ndarni fedde ngam demokaraasi e laamu moƴƴu e nder leydi Najeriya. Joɗnde adannde fedde ndee hawri ko e 31 neɗɗo politik nder leydi to Ota e lewru mee 1993. Wooteeji mbaɗi caggal ɗuum e lewru suwee 1993, tawi yimɓe seeɗa tawtoraama. Moshood Abiola mo lannda Social Democratic (SDP) heɓi, kono Babangida ndeen woppii njeñtudi woote ɗee, fodaniino woote ɗiɗmere ko ɓooyaani. SDP salii kala woote ɗiɗmere nde tawnoo ɓe mbiyi ko kanndidaa maɓɓe heɓiino woote gadane ɗee. Ndeen Babangida jaɓii woppude laamu ngam suɓaade laamu siwil jooɗiiɗo, ngu Ernest Shonekan ardii, ngu heɓi laamu e lewru ut 1993, ngu ƴetti peeje ngam waɗde wooteeji kesi e lewru feebariyee 1994.

Seneraal Sani Abacha siftinii gooto e gorko gooto, mo wondude e do-gooders woɗɓe, eɓɓi ñaamde wumre ndee. Heddiiɓe ɓee mbayliima tan, oo Samariyanke nannduɗo e moƴƴo [...] arti ngam ƴettude pot suukara e juuɗe wumre ndee ngam hoore mum. Kadi, ko ɓuri heewde e men Nijeernaaɓe, ko en ƴeewooɓe, en mbeltiima. E nder kala sababuuji, ŋakkaani tawtoraaɓe e ñaamde ndee. Kadi ɓe ngoppaani batte moraal.

— Obasanjo, e dow kuudetaa Sani Abacha, hitaande 1994

E oon sahaa, Sani Abacha tiiɗtinii doole mum e konu, e lewru noowammbar 1993, o felliti Shonekan yo woppu laamu, o acci hoore makko ƴettude laamu. Obasanjo noddiino Abacha ko adii kuudetaa oo, ina ñaagii ɗum nde woppataa ngalɗoo laawol. Caggal nde Abacha heɓti laamu, o wiyi Obasanjo yo jokkondir e makko. Ko sakkitii koo waɗii, kono salii wallitde laamu Abacha haa nde anndini ñalngu ngu yaltata e hoore mum. Ndeen Abacha momtii lanndaaji politik gonɗi ɗii e juɓɓule demokaraasiije, o noddi politikaaji ummoriiɗi e nokkuuji ceertuɗi yo naata e Diisnondiral makko Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ; Obasanjo salii toɗɗaade hay gooto e ndeeɗoo diiso.

Obasanjo fuɗɗi jeertinde wonde Naajeeriya ina yahra e wolde hakkunde leyɗeele woɗnde e nder feccere leƴƴi, e lewru mee 1994 kanko e Yar'Adua ɓe ndarni fedde wiyeteende National Unity Promoters, fedde daraniinde haɗde ndeeɗoo feere. E lewru Juko, Abiola anndini hoore mum hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o nanngaama ngam janfa. Hay so tawii Obasanjo saliima jaɓde haala Abiola, o wasiyiima Abacha nde woppataa ɗum. Ndeen o ardiima fedde ardiiɓe aadaaji e batu ngu ɓe ndarni ngam fuɗɗoraade kaaldigal hakkunde Abacha e Abiola. Jaɓugo maako wallugo Abiola mettini Yoruba'en ɗuuɗɓe, jawdi Obasanjo haa lesdi Yoruba'en ɗon ƴama.Obasanjo mettini bee ko o yi'i bana jukkungo ngam o wallitaako nafuuda sectari'en Yoruba'en.

E lewru marse 1995, Obasanjo ina wonnoo to leydi Danemark ngam tawtoreede batu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam ɓamtaare renndo to Kopenhag. Nde o woni ton, o nani Yar'Adua nanngaama, malla o heɓan bana non to o warti Naajeeriya. O wiyi noon o wiyi alaa ko o waɗi, o felliti hootde. Waɗi sahaa gooto to Aeroport Lagos, passport makko nanngaa, janngo mum, polis ƴetti mo e galle makko Ota. Polis tuumi Obasanjo ina jokkondiri e kuudetaa mo Abacha waɗi, mo kolonel Lawan Gwadabe yuɓɓini. Obasanjo nawtaama hakkunde nokkuuji deentorɗi ceertuɗi, tawi gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi Amerik hono Carter e hoore mum jokkondirii e Abacha ngam ɗaɓɓude yo Obasanjo woppe. Ndeen Obasanjo artiraama to Ota, o waɗtaa e kasoo fotde lebbi ɗiɗi, e nder ɗuum o haɗaama heɓde jaayɗe, telefoŋ, walla njilluuji.

Goɗɗo e tuumaaɗo wonde ina jeyaa e kuudetaa oo, hono Kolonel RSB Bello-Fadile, awokaa konu, ina wondi e caɗeele, e nder ɗuum o siifondiri e bayyinaango wonde o yahiino to Ota ngam humpitaade Obasanjo ko fayti e kuudetaa oo no woniri e peewnugol. Ɗum huutoraama ngam seedeeji ngam ñaawde Obasanjo e suuɗde fenaande, ko ɗum huunde nde sariyaaji leydi Najeriya mbaɗi.Ndeen o nawaama to nokku naamne kisal leydi ndii to Ikoyi. Abacha wiyi yo Obasanjo ñaawe e yeeso ñaawirdu konu, ñaawirdu nduu waɗi ñalnde 19 suwee 1995. E nder ñaawoore ndee, Obasanjo yedditii wonde RSB Bello-Fadile meeɗaa hawrude e makko. RSB Bello-Fadile kadi hollitii wonde o siifondirii e bayyinaango ngo Obasanjo jogori waɗde e dow doole, kono ñaawirdu nduu saliima ndeeɗoo ruttaade. Ñalnde 14 sulyee, ñaawirde ndee ñaawi Obasanjo duuɓi 25 kasoo ; Yar'Adua e woɗɓe sappo e nayo kadi tuumaaɗo wonde e nder fedde nde, ñaawaama warngo.Obasanjo caggal ɗuum noddi ɗum "ñalngu mum ɓurngu mettude". Caggal nde hooreejo leydi Amerik biyeteeɗo Bill Clinton holliti wonde leydi mum ina jogori haɗde petroŋ leydi Naajeeriya so tawii ɗeen warngooji mbaɗii, Abacha wayli ñaawoore maɓɓe, o ustii ñaawoore Obasanjo haa duuɓi 15.

Kasoo: 1995-1998

Obasanjo waɗi lebbi nay garooji ɗii ko e nokku biyeteeɗo Ikoyi Centre, ɗo o fuɗɗii nanngeede e nder kasoo gooto. Ndeen o nawaama to kasoo mawɗo Lagos, Kirikiri, ɗo o woni e opitaal kasoo ngam rafi hipertension e jabet. Sarɗiiji Kirikiri ina keewi, ina ŋakki, Obasanjo wiyi wonde « yiɗaa ɗum e gaño am ɓurɗo bonde ». Ko ɗoon RSB Bello-Fadile ñaagii Obasanjo yaafuya sabu mum ƴattaade ɗum, Obasanjo yaafni ɗum. Ndeen winndannde nde RSB Bello-Fadile winndi ngam humpitaade ngonka kaa, yaltinaama e kasoo, yaltinaa, wallitii hollirde wonde Obasanjo alaa ko o waɗi.

Caggal jonte keewɗe, Obasanjo e woɗɓe tuumaaɓe waɗde fedde ndee, njaltinaama to kasoo Jos to diiwaan hakkundeejo, to diiwaan Plateau ɗo ɓe ngoni lebbi keewɗi. Obasanjo fuɗɗinoo hokkaama tan ko Biibal e Quraana ngam janngude, kono seeɗa-seeɗa o acci binndi ɓurɗi yaajde. Binndol kadi ina rokka mo, ina addana mo jokkondirde e yimɓe e juɓɓule ceertuɗe, haa jooni Stella ina jaɓa yillaade mo lewru kala laawol gootol. Mandelaa e Pape Jean Paul II fof noddii yo o woppe, tawi noon sosiyeteeji Inndo e Almaañ fof ina ndokki mo njeenaaje winndereeje.Forum ardorde Afrik yaltinii defte ɗiɗi ɓataakeeji e binndanɗe binndaaɗe ngam teddinde mo ; Forum oo e hoore mum dogiino ummoraade Accra to Ganaa ngam daɗde e tooñanngeeji laamu Abacha.

E fuɗɗoode hitaande 1996, Obasanjo ummiima Jos, fayti e kasoo ɓurɗo woɗɗude to Yola, to diiwaan Adamawa. Ko ɗoon o jaɓaa remde gesa.[194] Obasanjo hollitii wonde e nder kasoo o ɓeydii luggiɗde e goonɗinal makko e Kerecee’en, o ɓadtii Alla,[194] o wonti Kerecee’en jibinaaɗo.[195] Gila ndeen, diine kerecee en ina joginoo darnde ɓurnde mawnude e nder yi’annde makko aduna. To Yola, o waajii 28 waaju yontere kala caggal nde jaagorɗe njilluuji ndartinaa e wakkati seeɗa. O winndi ɗeen waajuuji, o acci ɗi njaltina nde o yalti.[195] Obasanjo kadi etinooma moƴƴinde yoga e sukaaɓe kasoo, rewrude e yahrude yeeso maɓɓe nde o wonti neɗɗo dimo.[196] Obasanjo hulii wonde maa o tooke, haa teeŋti noon e nder haalaaji renndo wonde maayde Yar'adua ko tooke anniya.[197] Abacha sankii ɗoon e ɗoon e lewru suwee 1998, caggal ɗuum komanndaaji konu nguu toɗɗii Seneraal Major Abdulsalaami Abubakar lomto makko. Yontere caggal mum, Abubakar yamiri yo Obasanjo woppe, o neldi laana ndiwoowa ngam artirde mo to Ota.[197] E yiɗde wartirde leydi Naajeeriya e laamu siwil, Abubakar fusi lanndaaji e juɓɓule leydi ndi gonɗe heen ɗee, o anndini peeje ɗe ngaddanta hooreejo leydi siwil toɗɗaade e lewru mee 1999.[198]

Kampaañ ngam suɓaade hooreejo leydi : 1998-1999

Jooni ko o neɗɗo dimo, Obasanjo yahiino Afrik worgo, Angalteer, e Amerik, ɗo o safraa.[199] Lanndaaji politik kesi ina mbaɗa e nder leydi Najeriya, gooto e ɓurɓe mawnude e majji ko lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi (PDP), fedde nde yiɗnoo ko yaajde no feewi, so tawii ko e laamu, nde haɗata kuudetaaji garooji.[199] Terɗe PDP mawɗe ndartinii Obasanjo ngam wonde kanndidaa hooreejo leydi. Ɓe cikkatnoo ko omo waawi yamirde teddungal winnderewal, kadi ko o neɗɗo militeer, omo waawi jogaade leydi ndii e dow kuudetaaji garooji e dille seertuɗe. Ɓe mbi'i kadi Naajeeriya ɗon mari haaje hooreejo lesdi fombina ngam foondugo ardungal maako arandewal haa woyla, nden Obasanjo holli hoore maako bana fombina mo walaa ƴamol dow fombina.[200]

Sehilaaɓe e ɓesngu ina mbiya yo o dog, mbiyi o bonnat innde makko moƴƴere walla o wara. Obasanjo hollitii wonde o saliima, kono ñalnde 28 lewru nduu o naati e lannda PDP, yontere caggal ɗuum o hollitii wonde o woni ko e waɗde hoore makko ngam wonde kanndidaa hooreejo lannda ka.[201] E nder kampaañ makko, o teeŋtinii yiɗde makko artirde ko o sikki ko ndonu laamu moƴƴu nde o yalti e laamu e hitaande 1979.[202] E nder dingiral mooftugol kaalis, o dañii N356 miliyoŋ, heen N120 miliyoŋ ko njulaagu Aliko Dangote rokki ɗum. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɗeen dokke ummorii ko e worɓe militeer en e njuɓɓudi njulaagu kesiri.[202] O yilliima leydi ndii, o waɗii konnguɗi e ɗaɓɓude heɗtiiɓe e yimɓe teeŋtuɓe ; ƴamde guwerneeruuji dowlaaji ko huunde maantiniinde e mbaadi makko.[203] Kampaañ makko ina ɓuuɓna kampaañ makko mawɗo, hono Alex Ekwueme, mo yimɓe worgo e konu nguu ngoongɗinaani no feewi.[204]

PDP ina heɓa leydi e nder leydi Najeriya, ina hollita wonde ko kañum woni lannda ɓurka waawde e nder wooteeji laamu nokkuuji ɗii e lewru Duujal 1998, e wooteeji diiwaanuuji ɗii e lewru Yarkomaa 1999, e wooteeji Senaa e suudu sarɗiiji e lewru Feebariyee 1999.[205] Ñalnde 14 feebariyee 1999, batu PDP noddaa ngam suɓaade kanndidaa mum to hooreejo leydi. Obasanjo heɓi 1 658 woote, Ekwueme heɓi 521, e kanndidaaji joy keddiiɗi ɗii 260.[206] E ɗaɓɓude neɗɗo worgo ngam wonde cukko hooreejo leydi PDP, Obasanjo suɓii Atiku Abubakar.[207] Woote hooreleydaagu mbaɗi ko ñalnde 27 feebariyee ; Ko Olu Falae mo APP tan woni luutndiiɗo Obasanjo. Fotde feccere e fotɓe suɓaade ɓee mbaɗii noon, won heen ko fenaande hay so tawii alaa ko bonnata. Taƴre laawɗunde ndee rokkii Obasanjo 63% e wooteeji ɗii ; ko kanko woni majjuɗo e nder dowlaaji jeegom ɗii fof e nder leydi makko Yoruba.[208]

Siile hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya

Caggal nde o riiwti ɗum, Obasanjo naati e nder galle hooreejo leydi to Aso Rock e lewru mee 1999 caggal nde o hunni hooreejo leydi to Eagle Square to Abuja.[209] Nde o toɗɗii laamu maako kesu, o suɓi ministaajo ɗuuɗɗum diga woylaare lesdi Naajeeriya, koo ngam ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo nder maɓɓe woni Kirista'en, ɗum mettini woɓɓe juulɓe woylaare lesdi Naajeeriya. Ɓeen ñiŋooɓe ina keewi sifaade wonde kabine Obasanjo ina ɓooyi no feewi, ina ŋakkiraa humpito, haa teeŋti noon so tawii ko e geɗe faggudu.[210] E nder laamu makko gadano, toɓɓe ndimaagu ɗe Naajeeriya’en keɓata ɓeydii; ndimaagu jaayndeeji ina addana hooreejo leydi ndi ñiŋde no feewi.[211]

E nder lebbi gadani laamu makko, Obasanjo woppii fotde 200 ofisee militeer, tawi heen 93 fof ina njogii jappeere politik, ɗum noon ko kuudetaa mo ofiseeji keewɗi humpito mbaɗata ina famɗi.[209] O ummini kadi ministeer defansiyoŋ gila Lagos haa Abuja, ngam tabitinki ɗum waddaama les njiimaandi laamu ɓurndi laaɓtude.[209]

Manndaa ɗiɗaɓo (2003-2007)

Obasanjo suɓaama kadi e woote 2003 ɗe njuumtaani, tawi ina waɗi caɗeele leƴƴi e diineeji. Gaño makko mawɗo, gonnooɗo laamɗo konu Seneraal Muhammadu Buhari, ko juulɗo, o heɓi ballal makko ko ɓuri heewde ko e fuɗnaange. Obasanjo heɓi 61,8% e woote ɗe, o fooli Buhari ko ɓuri miliyoŋaaji 11 woote.[212]

E lewru noowammbar 2003, Obasanjo ñiŋaama sabu kuulal mum rokkude asilo hooreejo leydi Liberiya, hono Charles Taylor.[213] Ñalnde 12 lewru juko hitaande 2006, o siifondiri nanondiral Greentree e hooreejo leydi Kameruun Paul Biya nanondiral ngal joofniri luural keeri hakkunde duunde Bakassi.[214] Hay so tawii Senaa leydi Najeriya ƴettii kuulal ngam wiyde wonde ittugol konu leydi Najeriya e nder duunde Bakassi ko huunde nde fotaani, Obasanjo rokki yamiroore nde jokkata no haanirta nii.[215]

E manndaa makko ɗiɗaɓo, Obasanjo jokki e daranaade yaajnude doole polis leydi ndii, haa arti noon e 325 000 polis e hitaande 2007.[216] Fitinaaji laddeeji jokkuɗi hakkunde juulɓe e kerecee en e nder diiwaan Plateau addani Obasanjo bayyinde toon laamu nguu e lewru mee 2004, o dartini laamu diiwaan oo, o darni laamu konu lebbi jeegom.[217] Ñalnde 22 lewru nduu hitaande 2005, guwerneer diiwaan Abia e oon sahaa, hono Orji Uzor Kalu, rokki EFCC ɗaɓɓaande ngam tuumaade wonde Obasanjo waɗii golle bonɗe.[218]

Ajenda manndaa tataɓo

Obasanjo ina wondi e luural ko fayti e « Agenda mum tataɓo » , woni peeje ngam waylude doosgal leydi ndii mbele omo waawa jogaade manndaa tataɓo, duuɓi nay, e gardagol leydi ndii. Ɗum waɗii ƴamol nder jaayndeeji siyaasaaku nder Naajeeriya, nden boo kuugal ngal jaɓaaka nder Asamblee lesdi.[219][220] Ko ɗum waɗi Obasanjo woppi laamu caggal wooteeji gardagol leydi e lewru abriil 2007.[221] E nder yeewtere hesere nde o waɗdunoo e teleeji Channels, Obasanjo saliima jeyeede e ko wiyetee « Ajenda tataɓo ». O wi'i ɗum Asamblee lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari limngal limngal limngal limngal lesdi Naajeeriya. Obasanjo wiyi : "mi meeɗaa fiyde miijo manndaa tataɓo."[222]

Ajenda manndaa tataɓo

Obasanjo ina wondi e luural ko fayti e « Agenda mum tataɓo » , woni peeje ngam waylude doosgal leydi ndii mbele omo waawa jogaade manndaa tataɓo, duuɓi nay, e gardagol leydi ndii. Ɗum waɗii ƴamol nder jaayndeeji siyaasaaku nder Naajeeriya, nden boo kuugal ngal jaɓaaka nder Asamblee lesdi.[219][220] Ko ɗum waɗi Obasanjo woppi laamu caggal wooteeji gardagol leydi e lewru abriil 2007.[221] E nder yeewtere hesere nde o waɗdunoo e teleeji Channels, Obasanjo saliima jeyeede e ko wiyetee « Ajenda tataɓo ». O wi'i ɗum Asamblee lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari limngal limngal limngal limngal lesdi Naajeeriya. Obasanjo wiyi : "mi meeɗaa fiyde miijo manndaa tataɓo."[222]

Obasanjo ñaawaama e juuɗe mawɓe politik e nder sagata Agenda manndaa tataɓo. Senator Ken Nnamani, hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya, wi'i Obasanjo anndini mo dow ajendaaji ɗin ɓaawo o laati hooreejo suudu joonde diidaaɗi lesdi Naajeeriya. O wiyi : "Ɗoon e ɗoon, ngon-mi hooreejo senaa, o haalani mi anniya makko, o haalani mi no o yiɗiri heɓde ɗum. Miin e fuɗɗoode mi ƴettataa mo no feewi haa kewuuji ɗii puɗɗii feeñde." O hollitii kadi wonde Miliyaaruuji jeetati (8) Naira njaltinaama ngam wallitde depiteeji ɗii ngam wallitde ajendaaji ɗii, o naamndii : « hol no neɗɗo waawirta haalde nii tawa o anndaa ɗum, tee kaalis, e kaalis leydi ndii e kaalis leydi ndii fof, ina wayla juuɗe ». Femi Gbajabiamila tabbitini haala Nnamani ammaa o waɗi limngal man feere-feere, o wi'i: "Kaalis man hawti bee miliyaaruuji N10. Hol no N10bn wurtinirtee nder ceede lesdi ngam eɓɓoore nde a woni hooreejo jooɗiiɗo, ammaa nden eɓɓoore laataaki miijo ma? Toy ceede man iwdi?" E nder haalaaji garooji ɗii, Nnamani wiyi wonde hooreejo leydi Amerik hono George W. Bush jeertinii Obasanjo nde woppataa peeje mum ngam tawtoreede woote gardagol leydi e manndaa tataɓo. O wiyi : "so aɗa yiɗi hoolkisaade wonde gorko oo ina haala fenaande tan, ƴettu deftere nde Condoleezza Rice, gonnooɗo jaagorgal leydi Amerik winndi. Ko goonga ko deftere nde Rice winndi. E hello 628 walla hello 638, o yeewtidii e Obasanjo, no o yiɗiri hawrude e hooreejo leydi Ameriknaajo oo, no o yiyri hooreejo leydi Ameriknaajo oo ina waawi waylude doosgal leydi ndii mbele omo waawa yahde e manndaa tataɓo, Bush wiyi mo yo o woppu ɗum, o yalta haa ñalnde 29 mee 2007."[223]

Obasanjo e wondude e laamɗo leydi Iran e hitaande 1999

E ngalu petrol, Obasanjo sosi Komitiiru Ƴellitaare Delta Niger, o huutorii Porogaraam Jaŋde leslesre winndereyankoore ngam ɓeydude jaŋde leslesre Naajeeriya. O sosi Komiseer keeriiɗo toppitiiɗo golle bonɗe e Komiseer toppitiiɗo bonanndeeji faggudu e kaalis. Wuurtinii Sosiyetee ngenndiijo njulaagu to Kaduna e (Onne) Port Harcourt. Obasanjo ɓeydi geɗal njoɓdi petroŋ e renndo to dowla iwdi mum gila e 3 haa 13 e nder teemedere.[224]

Ko adii laamu Obasanjo, ɓeydagol PIB leydi Nijeer ina muusi no feewi gila 1987, tee ina jokki tan e 3% hakkunde 1999 e 2000. Kono, e laamu Obasanjo, ɓeydagol ngol ɓeydiima fotde laabi ɗiɗi haa 6% haa o woppi laamu, tawi noon ina walliti ɗum e feccere e ɓeydagol coggu petroŋ. Resooji leydi Naajeeriya ko ɓuri miliyaaruuji ɗiɗi dolaar e hitaande 1999 haa miliyaaruuji 43 dolaar nde ɓe njalti laamu e hitaande 2007.[225]

O dañii yaafuya ñamaale e fedde Pari e Londres fotde 18 miliyaar dolaar, o yoɓi kadi 18 miliyaar dolaar goɗɗo ngam woppude ñamaale. Ko vuri heewde e ziin njovdiiji mooftaama e njovdi njulaagu juutndi e nder yontere nde. (Toɓɓere feewnitagol). Ko ɓuri heewde e ɗeen ñamaale mooftaama wonaa e fenaande kono ko e yontaaji 1982–85 nde Naajeeriya huutorii laamu toppitiingu mbayliigu nguu, ngu rokki denndaangal njulaagu nguu e banke mawɗo leydi Nijeer. Nde Obasanjo heɓi laamu, faggudu leydi Najeriya wonnoo ko e caɗeele. Inflation ina yahra e 30% e hitaande e nder kitaale 1990 fof, e hitaande 2001 fotde 20% e mawɓe leydi Najeriya ina ngala golle.[226] Baasal ina yaaji, laamu Obasanjo ina yiɗi ustude ɗum e yoɓde N3,500 lewru kala fotde 200,000 neɗɗo ngam waɗde golle gaadoraaɗe ko wayi no ɓuuɓnude e moƴƴinde laabi.[226] Ndeen eɓɓoore lomtinaama e Porogaraam ngenndiijo ngam haɓaade baasal, jowitiingal e ƴellitde golle sukaaɓe, e njuɓɓudi teeru, e reende.[226] E hitaande 2000, laamu Obasanjo ɓeydi njoɓdi ɓurndi famɗude ndi sariya yamiri ndii laabi ɗiɗi.[227]

O noddi Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (FMI) ngam ƴeewtaade faggudu leydi Najeriya e rokkude wasiyaaji no moƴƴiri ɗum;[228] ɓe njeertinii wonde laamu nguu ina heewi ñamlude.[227] E hitaande 2001, Obasanjo hollitii hoore mum "ko o goongɗinɗo njuɓɓudi luumo", o hollitii wonde o yiyii bonneede ko "njuɓɓudi bonndi e nder sekteer laamu" addani mo.[229] Kono, nde o holliti darnde makko e nanondiral Washington ngam luumooji rimɗi, e privatisation, e ŋakkeende ngalu laamu, ngalu laamu nguu e feccere PIB ɓeydiima gila e 29% e hitaande 1997 haa 50% e hitaande 2001.[229] E lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 2000, Naajeeriya heɓi nyamande miliyaaruuji 1 dolaar Amerik, ko ɗum addani laamu nguu naatde e kaaldigal ngam waylude ñamaale mum e ñamaale mum.[228] Laamu Obasanjo naftoriima coggu petroŋ toowngu e nder winndere ndee e manndaa mum gadano. Nde anniyii kadi ɓeydude petroŋ leydi Naajeeriya e ɓeydude keewal gaasuuji ɓuuɓɗi, ɗi puɗɗii yaltineede e leydi ndii e hitaande 1999.[230]

Obasanjo fellitii momtude ballal petroŋ, ɓeyda coggu nguu haa yettoo tolno njulaagu. Kongres gollooɓe leydi Naajeeriya noddi seppo mawngo ngam seppude ngam salaade lewru Juko hitaande 2000 e Obasanjo sakkitii, o ustii ballal ngal, wonaa ittude ngal. Ngolɗoo ngonka addani Obasanjo hollirde wonde ko "gaño miskineeɓe" e miijo renndo.[231] Ngam ɓeydude ustude njoɓdi, Obasanjo wayliima e privatisation, o sosi Diiso ngenndiijo ko faati e privatisation e lewru sulyee 1999. Nde o heɓi laamu, laamu fedde nde ina joginoo 588 sosiyetee laamu, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 55% e ñamaale caggal leydi, Obasanjo ina yaakorii wonde ko heewi e ɗeen, hay so tawii noon ɗe mbaawaa wonde in2. Privatization yiɗaama e yimɓe leydi Najeriya, ko 35% tan ɓe keɓi ballal e wiyde wiɗto miijo hitaande 2000.[233] Obasanjo kadi ina yiɗi kaaldigal ngam ustude ñamaale.[234] O hollitii wonde ñamaale leydi Naajeeriya ina keewi no feewi, ina mbonna faggudu mum e demokaraasi mum. Hay so tawii Kanadaa, Itali e Amerik ndartinii ñamaale leydi Nijeer, ɗeen ñamaale ina pamɗi, ñamaale mawɗe leydi ndii, ɓurɗe mawnude heen ko Angalteer, njaɓaani.[235]

Obasanjo ɗon tuuma caɗeele faggudu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗuuɗɗe dow fenaande;[236] nder hitaande 2000, fedde Transparency International limti ɗum lesdi ɓurdundi fenaande nder duniyaaru.[229] Balɗe seeɗa caggal nde o heɓi laamu o hollitii kuulal ngam haɓaade fenaande to Asaambele ngenndi, hay so tawii noon ɗum jibinii luulndaare mawnde e juuɗe ñaawooɓe cikkatnooɓe ko ɗum rokki laamu nguu doole ɓurɗe heewde. Nanondiral waɗii ngam ustude eɓɓooje Obasanjo, addani mo siynude sariya keso oo e lewru suwee 2000.[236] Alaa ko holliti wonde njulaagu ustiima e nder leydi Najeriya e nder manndaa Obasanjo gadano, laamu makko waɗaani hay huunde ngam ƴeewtaade njulaagu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya, ngu yaaji e nder laamuuji diiwaan e laamuuji nokkuuji.[229]

Obasanjo ina wondi e hooreejo leydi Riisi Valadimir Putin to Kremlin e hitaande 2001

Cellal renndo kadi ko huunde tiiɗnde e nder leydi Nijeer. E nder kitaale 1990, Naajeeriya ina yoɓnoo fotde 0,2% e PIB mum ngam wallitde cellal renndo, ko ɗum woni ko ɓuri famɗude e winndere ndee. Laamu Obasanjo ɓeydi ɗum haa ko ɓuri 0,4%.[237] Caɗeele cellal ɓurɗe yaawde toɗɗaade leydi Najeriya ko ñawu VIH/SIDA, Obasanjo yamiri ɗoon e ɗoon ciimtol ngonka e dow toɓɓere ndee caggal nde o heɓi laamu.[237] Ndeen o sosi Goomu Hooreejo leydi ngam haɓaade SIDA, ngu o ardii, o sosi Goomu Pewnugol Golle Ngenndiije ngam yuɓɓinde kampaañ 2000–03, jowitiingo e bayyinaango, heblo, wasiyaaji, e jarribooji ngam haɓaade mboros o. Ngam yahduki yeeso ngam njamu jama'aare, o fuɗɗi kampaniire kesum ngam hurgugo ceede laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ngam etaade nyiɓugo suudu nyawndiigu nder kala nokkure 774 laamu lesdi Naajeeriya

Politik caggal leydi

Obasanjo e Donald Rumsfeld to Pentagon e hitaande 2001

Ina jeyaa e golle Obasanjo mawɗe, ɗe o heɓi heen, moƴƴitinde innde leydi Nijeer e nder winndere ndee, nde o bonni e laamu Abacha. O waɗii ko ina ɓura feccere e manndaa makko gadano caggal leydi, o yilliima leyɗeele 92 haa e lewru oktoobar 2002. E lewru oktoobar 1999, Obasanjo sosi Goomu (Commission Bi-National) hakkunde Afrik worgo e Niiseer ngam yeewtidde e gollondiral hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee, ɓurɗe mawnude e Afrik worgo Saharaa. Obasanjo jokki jokkindiral Naajeeriya bee U.S., o waddi walliinde U.S. ngam wallugo janngirde sooje'en Naajeeriya. O jokkondirii no feewi e hooreejo leydi Amerik biyeteeɗo Bill Clinton, o jokkondiri kadi e lomto Clinton, hono George W. Bush ; Bush yilliima Abuja e hitaande 2003, Obasanjo yilliima Wasinton e hitaande 2006.[240] E jokkude jokkondiral ɓurngal welde e U.K. ko ɓuri ko o joginoo e kitaale 1970, o tawtoraama batu makko gadano Commonwealth e lewru Noowammbar 1999, o jaɓɓi ɗum e lewru Duujal 2003, ɗo o heɓi njeenaari teddungal e juuɗe laamɗo debbo Biritaan biyeteeɗo Elizabeth II.[240]

Nde Obasanjo heɓi laamu, o huninooma ittude konu leydi Najeriya e leydi Siyeraa Leyoon. E lewru ut 1999, o hollitii limre ngam ɓe ngurtina, hay so tawii noon ɗum dartinaama nde konu jam ONU moofti, ngu Nijeer rokki ɗum 4000 soldaat. Ndee doole yalti ko e hitaande 2005.[241] E nder jiiɓru to leydi Liberia, Obasanjo yamiri konu leydi Nijeer yo naata leydi ndii e lewru ut 2003 ; ɓe njalti e komanndaaji ONU lebbi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum.[240] Obasanjo hokki Charles Taylor, hooreejo lesdi Liberiya, mo laamu mum woppi, o hokka mo haa lesdi Naajeeriya, koo ngam ɓaawo man o warti mo haa lesdi Liberiya ngam o ɗon ƴama mo ngam warhoore konu dow ƴamol hooreejo lesdi Liberiya keso, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.[242]

E yiɗde haɗude Naajeeriya yaltude e hareeji nder leydi ɗi yimɓe njiɗaa, o salii ɗaɓɓaande konu Naajeeriya ngam tawtoreede naatgol ECOMOG e nder wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Gine-Bisaawo e golle jam 2002 to Kodduwaar. E ɗaɓɓaande Angalteer, o walli e nanondiral hakkunde laamu Zimbaabwee mo Robert Mugabe, ngam hirjinde laamu nguu e ƴettude gese ɗe ɓaleeɓe jeyi e dow fenaande. O wondi e hooreejo leydi Afrik worgo hono Thabo Mbeki e gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Ostarali John Howard, o jeyaa ko e fedde nde Commonwealth halfinaa ngam haɓaade Zimbaabwee.[243] Obasanjo e Mbeki njilliima Zimbaabwee laabi tati ngam golloraade dipolomasi deeƴɗo, kono ɓe keɓaani heen nafoore, ɓe mbiya Mugabe yo woppu laamu walla sosde laamu renndinde laamu e luulndiiɓe Mouvement pour le changement démocratique.[239]

Haɓde e jiiɓru leƴƴi e diineeji

Bush ina yeewtida e Obasanjo e nder batu G8 to Farayse, lewru suwee 2003

Caggal nde Obasanjo suɓaa, nokku ɗo sariyaaji lislaam ngoni ɗoo, wonti jeewte mawɗe e nder politik leydi Najeriya. Gila leydi ndii heɓi jeytaare mum, sharia ina jokki e ñaawde siwil hakkunde juulɓe wonɓe e dowlaaji worgo ɗii ; ñaawooɓe bonanndeeji ɗii laawɗinaaka e sariyaaji sharia, huunde nde mettini won e juulɓe.[244] E lewru suwee 1999, guwerneer diiwaan Zamfara, hono Ahmed Sani, hollitii naatgol timmungol shari’a e nder oon diiwaan, hay so tawii noon o hollitii wonde ɗum jogori huutoreede tan ko e hoɗɓe e juulɓe, wonaa e yimɓe ɓe ngonaa lislaam en. Ɗuum waɗi kulhuli nder yimɓe Kirista'en pamari nder woyla lesdi Naajeeriya, bee seppooji e seppooji feere-feere ɗon ngadda fitinaaji, haa fahin haa Kaduna.[244] Across Nigeria, Christian opinion was very hostile to the introduction of sharia as the basis of state penal systems.[245] Suudu Asaambele ngenndi ndii fof ina ɗaɓɓi e Obasanjo nde nawtata haala kaa to Ñaawirde Toownde.[245] O yiɗiino woppude ɗum, o yiɗaa darnde shari’a wonta huunde doosgal.[246] E nder renndo o yiɗiino seerndude ko o inniri "sharia goonga" e "sharia politik", o yetti arano oo, o wiyi wonde ɗiɗaɓo oo ko fad mo fizzle out.[245] Nde o salii naatde heen, Obasanjo heɓi ñiŋooje sabu ŋakkeende cuusal e juuɗe yimɓe heewɓe to bannge worgo, juulɓe tiiɗɓe to bannge worgo ina ƴattoo mo.[246] E nder ɗaɓɓaande yimɓe heewɓe ummoraade e renndooji juulɓe, dowlaaji nay goɗɗi to bannge worgo ƴettii sariya kuuɓtodinɗo sharia e hitaande 2000 e jeeɗiɗi goɗɗi e hitaande 2001. Obasanjo caggal ɗuum hollitii wonde haala kaa ko caɗeele ɓurɗe mawnude ɗe o meeɗi dañde e wonde hooreejo leydi.[246]

Nde Obasanjo heɓi laamu, o hulɓinii no feewi nde tawnoo leydi Najeriya ina wondi e caɗeele e fitinaaji keewɗi, tawi ko ujunnaaje ujunnaaje maayɓe. Ndee ɗoo bonannde ina ɓeydoo saɗtude sabu ɓeydagol yimɓe ina ɓeydoo yaawde, ɗum addani ɗum ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo e pottital ngam heɓde leydi ŋakkundi e nder gure teeru.[216] Ngam haɓaade ɗum, Obasanjo ɓeydii polis leydi ndii fotde laabi ɗiɗi, gila e 120 000 haa 240 000 hakkunde 1999 e 2003.[216] Ko seeɗa waɗaa ngam haɓaade bonanndeeji polis, tawi noon torlaaji tuumaaɗo ina keddii e yaajde e laamu Obasanjo.[211] Kadi ko ɓeydi fitinaaji ɗii ko jokkere enɗam hakkunde leƴƴi, e pelle leƴƴi e diiwanuuji ceertuɗi ina ɗaɓɓi ndimaagu ɓurngu mawnude, ɗum addani yeewtooɓe heewɓe teskaade ƴaañgol leydi Naajeeriya. Wonande Obasanjo, jogaade leydi ngootiri wonti huunde mawnde.[247] Ko e sahaaji cuɓaaɗi tan o ruttotoo e konu ngam ustude jiiɓru, o ɓuri yiɗde ko waasde mooftude konu so wonaa tawa guwerneeruuji dowlaaji ɗii ina ɗaɓɓi ɗum.[248] E nder konngol makko, "en poti huutoraade doole konu tan so tawii ko heddii koo fof ronkii. Ko cfuum woni miijo am e filosof am."[249] O yi'i nafoore mawnde e yaafuya, e yaafuya, e nanondiral ngam he6de nanondiral, wonaa e 6amtaare ñaawoore warngooji bacfcfi.[250] E laamu Obasanjo, darnde fitinaaji e jiiɓru nder leydi Naajeeriya ustii.[249]

Olusẹgun Obasanjo e hooreejo leydi Beresiil Lula da Silva 2005

Ko ɓuri heewde e miijooji ceertuɗi ko e diiwaan Delta Niiseer, ɗo pelle koɗdiiɗe ɗee njiɗnoo jogaade ko ɓuri heewde e ngalu keɓaaɗo e nokkuuji petroŋ keewɗi ngalu. E lewru sulyee 1999, Obasanjo neldi Asaambele ngenndi kuulal ngam sosde Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niiseer ngam siynude e huutoraade peeje ngam haɓaade diiwaan oo, huunde nde o sikki ina waawi ustude fitinaaji toon. E nder jeewte keewɗe, komisiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii ko e lewru Duujal 2000.[251] E lewru noowammbar 1999, o neldi kadi bataliyoŋaaji ɗiɗi konu e nder diiwaan Delta Niiseer ngam nanngude sukaaɓe Asawana, fedde Ijaw en nannguɓe e warde poliseeɓe to Odi, to diiwaan Bayelsa. Militeer en mbonni ko ɓuri heewde e wuro ngoo ; laamu ngu wi'i 43 mbaraama, ammaa ONG nokkuure nde'e waɗi limngal maayɓe siwil'en 2,483.[252] Obasanjo siftinii halkaare ndee wonde « ina waawi rewde » e « ina metti » , o yilliima Odi e lewru marse 2001 ; o salii ñaawde konu nguu, o ñaagii yaafuya ngam halkaare nde, o yoɓi njoɓdi walla o mahdi wuro ngoo, hay so tawii noon Komiseer ƴellitaare Delta Niiseer waɗii ɗum.[249]

E hitaande 2000, Obasanjo haɗi fedde Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC), fedde ngenndiyankoore Yoruba en, nde wonnoo ko e fitinaaji e leƴƴi goɗɗi, o yamiri yo ardiiɓe mayre nannge.[253] E lewru suwee 2001, fitinaaji hakkunde Kerecee’en ɓiɓɓe leydi ndii e njulaagu juulɓe to bannge worgo e nder diiwaan Plateau, waɗii fotde 500 maayɗo hade konu nguu naatde heen, heɓtude laamu. Ndeen Obasanjo yilliima, wiyi yo ɓe nanondiral. E lewru Oktoobar 2001, seppooɓe juulɓe to Kano mbari fotde 200 Igbo ngam jaabaade ballal Nijeer e bommbooji Amerik mbaɗi e Afganistaan. Ndeen Obasanjo yilliima ngam ɗaɓɓude nanondiral kono hoɗɓe ɓee boomi ɗum.[246] E lewru oktoobar kadi, soldateeɓe neldaama ngam deeƴnude jiiɓru hakkunde renndooji Jukun e Tiv en e keeri hakkunde diiwanuuji Benue e Taraba ; ndeen militeer en Tiv nanngi ɓe mbari ɓe to Zaki-Biam. Obasanjo yamiri konu nguu yo naata, ɓe ndartini, ɓe mbari fotde 250 haa 300 gorko nokku oo. Obasanjo yilliima nokku oo e hitaande 2002, o ñaagii yaafuya sabu huutoraade doole no feewi.[249]

n lewru Yarkomaa 2002, Obasanjo yamiri polis mobbooji ɗii yo ndartin Bakassi Boys, fedde vigilante gollotoonde ko ɓuri heewde e nder diiwanuuji Abia e Anambra, nde waɗi ko ina tolnoo e ujunnaaje ɗiɗi warngooji. O sikkiino waɗde ɗum ko adii ɗuum sabu ballal yimɓe ɓe fedde nde heɓi e haɓde e fedde bonnde, kono o nanii o waawii yahrude yeeso e maɓɓe caggal nde yimɓe maɓɓe ustii.[254] E oon lewru kadi, nokku ɗo balɗe 100 000 ngoni ɗoo, to kaɓirɗe Ijeka, saraaji Lagos, yani, ina waawi addande ɗum en fotde ujunnaaje ujunnaaje neɗɗo maayɗo. Obasanjo yilliima ɗoon e ɗoon.[249] Fitinaaji bonɗi kadi ina njokki e nder wuro Lagos, e lewru feebariyee 2002, konu neldaa e nder wuro ngo ngam artirde deeƴre. E lewru abriil 2002, Obasanjo hollitii sariya baawɗo haɗude leƴƴi so tawii ina cikka ina mbaawi wallitde fitinaaji, kono njuɓɓudi laamu leydi ndii salii ɗum, sibu ko ɗum huunde ɓurnde toowde e laamu hooreejo leydi.[253]

Won e ardiiɓe laamu hono hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji e hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji ina ngondi e caɗeele e hooreejo leydi ndii, o haɓaama e jarribooji keewɗi ngam ustude laamu e nder suuduuji ɗiɗi ɗii kala.[255] Obasanjo dañii daɗde e laamu, o toɗɗaa.

Obasanjo e Robeer Mugaabe e hitaande 2013

O wonti hooreejo fedde PDP, omo joginoo doole e nominaasiyoŋaaji ngam heɓde jappeere laamu haa e politik e peeje. No gooto e dipolomaat en Hirnaange wiyri nii, "O anniyaaki jooɗaade e jooɗorde passenger rokka wasiyaaji e hesɗitinde nanngude taayaare so tawii Naajeeriya yaltii e laawol."[256] O woppi golle hooreejo fedde PDP e lewru abriil 2012.[257] Caggal ɗuum, o yalti e golle politik e PDP.

E lewru marse 2008, Obasanjo "ina sikkaa" ko goomu parlemaa Nijeer ñaawii ɗum sabu rokkude ɗum kaayitaaji semmbe fotde miliyaaruuji 2,2 dolaar e nder laamu mum duuɓi jeetati, tawi alaa ko o waɗi so wonaa laawol. Ciimtol ngol ɗoo wiɗto meeɗaa jaɓeede e nder parlemaa leydi Najeriya fof sabu manipulaasiyoŋ e golle ɗee fof e ardorde goomu wiɗto laamu nguu. Wonaa e winndannde laawɗunde wootere, mawɗo Obasanjo ñaawaama.[258]

E lewru mee 2014, Obasanjo winndi hooreejo leydi Goodluck Jonathan ngam ɗaɓɓude yo o waɗtu hakkille e innde laamu leydi Najeriya ngam yoɓde sukaaɓe rewɓe Chibok ɓe fedde Boko Haram joginoo.[259]

Ñalnde 16 feebariyee 2015, o woppi lannda laamu nguu, o yamiri hooreejo diiwaan PDP yo ƴettu kaayitaaji makko e nder yeewtere jaaynde.[260] O anndiraa caggal mum ko navigateur lannda luulndo keso sosaa, hono APC.[261]

Ñalnde 24 lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 2018, o winndi hooreejo leydi ndi, hono Muhammadu Buhari, o hollitii nokkuuji ɗi o ŋakkiraa, o wasiyii mo nde o woppataa laamu e hitaande 2019.[262] Haa hannde denndaangal ɓataakeeji makko feewde e hooreeɓe leydi ndii ina adii njillu maɓɓe.[263]

Ñalnde 31 lewru Yarkoma hitaande 2018, o fuɗɗi diɗɗal siyaasaaku bi'eteengal "Kawtal ngam Diɗɗal Naajeeriya" (CNM) haa Abuja.[264] Ñalnde 10 lewru mbooy hitaande 2018, dillere ndee ƴetti lannda politik, hono Kongres Demokaratik Afrik (ADC).[265]

Ñalnde 20 noowammbar 2018, Obasanjo hollitii e dow laabi gartugol mum[266] e lannda luulndo mawngo, hono lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi (PDP) e nder udditgol deftere wiyeteende My Transition Hours, nde gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Goodluck Jonathan winndi.

Ñalnde 22 lewru bowte hitaande 2022, Obasanjo hollitii wonde o woppii politik partiiji, caggal nde o jaɓɓi depiteeji ngenndiiji lannda Demokaraasi Leƴƴi [PDP] to hoɗorde makko to Ota, to diiwaan Ogun, to leydi Nijeer[267]

Dipolomasi

Obasanjo toɗɗaa ko nulaaɗo keeriiɗo to leydi Konngo, to leydi Konngo, ndi wolde yani e mum. O waɗi batuuji ceertuɗi e gardiiɗo leydi RDC Joseph Kabila e gardiiɗo luulndiiɓe laamu nguu hono Laurent Nkunda.

E nder wooteeji Zimbaabwee e lewru sulyee 2013, Obasanjo ardii delegaasiyoŋ ƴeewooɓe wooteeji Dental Afrik.[268]

E hitaande 2022, Obasanjo waɗii hakkunde kaaldigal jam hakkunde laamu Ecoppi e fedde wiyeteende Tigre e les njiimaandi Dental Afrik, haa arti noon e dartagol wolde Tigre ñalnde 2 noowammbar 2022.[269] E hitaande 2025, Obasanjo toɗɗaama yo won hakkundeejo e nder renndo Afrik fuɗnaange e renndo ƴellitaare Afrik worgo e nder leydi Konngo e nder kampaañ M23 (2022–hannde).[270]

Jaŋde ɓeydaande

E lewru desaambar 2017, Obasanjo ƴetti doktoraa mum. tesis e nder diine to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Najeriya.

Miijo politik

To bannge miijooji, Obasanjo ko ngenndiyanke Najeriya.[27] O ɗon mari haaje yidde lesdi Naajeeriya e nuɗɗinki dow Naajeeriya foti jogaago lesdi-leydi woore, naa ngam senndindirki dow laabi lenyol.[275] E hitaande 2001, o hollitii wonde faandaare makko juutnde ko "moƴƴinde kala sifaa ɓiyleydaagu so wonaa ɓiyleydaagu leydi Nijeer". O wi'i ɓustugo lesdi Naajeeriya dow laabi le'i, ɗum waddan laɓɓinki le'i e fitinaaji ɗi yi'aama wakkati hareeji Yugoslawi nder kitaale 1990.[275] Iliffe wi'i Obasanjo'en lesdi Naajeeriya ɗon mari bawɗe ngam o wurti diga yimɓe mawɓe Yoruba'en e wakkati maako nder konu, haa o huwi bee sooje'en diga lenyol feere-feere.[27]

Demokaraasi ina waawi waasde jogaade ƴellitaare faggudu yaawnde walla ngalu kono ko ɗum, ko famɗi fof, mbaadi laamu ɓurndi moƴƴude haa jooni, ndi addanta ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe tawtoreede no haanirta nii e nder peeje e geɗe jowitiiɗe e laamu mum en. Demokaraasi ko cuɓal ngal laamɓe ɓuri yiɗde...

E nder ngonka leydi Naajeeriya, demokaraasi ko kañum tan woni koolaaɗo kuuɓal baawɗo hawrude e pelle leslese ceertuɗe e nder leñol jogiingol daɗndo ngootaagu, potal e darnde wootere e nder dumunna.

— Olusegun Obasanjo ko faati e demokaraasi, hitaande 1990[276]

Iliffe hollitii wonde teeŋtinde politik nanondiral ko "kuulal gonngal dow ngal" e nder nguurndam Obasanjo fof.[68] Nde o woni e laamu e kitaale 1970, Obasanjo hollitii ñiŋooje makko e "luulndaare juɓɓule" e laamu nguu.[109] E miijo makko, ɗum "ina luurdi no feewi e ko ɓuri heewde e pinal e golle politik Afrik."[161] E nder nokkuuji ɗo o luulndii laamu nguu, o miijii wonde lanndaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii ina poti waɗde heen geɗe moƴƴe,[161] e wonde politikaaji ɗii ina poti jokkude njiylawu nanondiral, wonaa waɗde luural ko juuti. O sikki wonde pottital politik ina jogii batte cemmbinɗe, ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ina teskaa e leydi ƴellitoori hono Nijeer, kadi deeƴre ina foti reeneede.[109]

Obasanjo ɗon wolwa haa batu hitaande 2014, kawtal Banki Afriknaajo ngam ɓamtaare lesdi Kigali

Nde o mettini e ko o yi’i ko ina wona ŋakkeende laamu demokaraasi wakilaagu e nder fuɗɗoode kitaale 1980, Obasanjo fuɗɗii hollirde ballal mum e dowla gooto e nder leydi Najeriya. O wiyi noon wonde ooɗoo dowla gooto ina foti wallitde yimɓe fof e nder laamu, teddinde jojjanɗe aadee, e reende ndimaagu haalde.[161] Caggal mum e kitaale 1980, o jeertinii eɓɓaande dowla lanndaaji ɗiɗi ɗi Babangida ƴettunoo, o miijii wonde so Babangida ina miijo lannda hakkunde-nano e hakkunde-nyaamo ina kaɓa hakkunde mum en, alaa e sago ɗum ƴellitoo haa wonta lannda gooto lomtotooɗo Kerecee’en fuɗnaange, lannda goɗɗo oo lomtotooɗo juulɓe fuɗnaange][16]. O wi'i haa nokkuure nden o wi'i walaa keerol dow limngal lanndaaji siyaasaaku ɗi mbaawata sosde, koo ngam o wi'i to ɗum waawataa waɗugo nden Naajeeriya laatoto lesdi lannda woore.[161] E nder njiimaandi Dental Sowiyet e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1990 e yah-ngartaa caggal ɗuum feewde e politik lanndaaji keewɗi e nder Afrik, Obasanjo kadi wonti balloowo lanndaaji keewɗi

Jaɓɓungal e ndonu

Statue Olusegun Obasanjo to Owerri, diiwaan Imo, leydi Najeriya.

John Iliffe siftinii Obasanjo wonde "tergal ɓurngal teeŋtude e yonta ɗiɗaɓo ardiiɓe Afrik jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii, ɓe ndarni koye mum en ngam semmbinde dowlaaji mum en caggal koloñaal".[275] O sikki ko geɗe nay mawɗe ɗe Obasanjo waɗi e laamu mum : o jokki e jogaade heen geɗel gootel e nder leydi ndii, o jokki e jogaade doole e nder leydi ndii, o wallitorii sosde Dental Afrik, o ustii ñamaale leydi ndii caggal leydi.[248] E lewru desaambar 1999, tolno jaɓgol makko ina tolnoo e 84% ; e hitaande 2001 ko 72% ; e lewru suwee 2003 nde ustii haa 39%.[234]

Obasanjo ina tuumanoo laabi keewɗi fenaande e nder nguurndam mum fof, hay so tawii noon kanko e hoore makko o wiyi wonde golle makko ko goonga.[229] Ɓeen ñiŋooɓe Obasanjo ina cikki wonde caggal nde o nanngaa e kasoo e kitaale 1990, o ɓeydii faamde wonde ko o neɗɗo masiŋ, o woppii neɗɗaagu makko, o ɓeydii kadi tiiɗnaade e goongɗinde wonde ko ɗum woni darnde makko nde Alla yamiri ngam laamaade leydi Najeriya.[299] Ɓeen ñiŋooɓe Obasanjo ina cikki wonde o bonnii laamu, haa teeŋti noon e manndaa makko ɗiɗaɓo, o wonti ko miijo jogaade laamu haa abada.[282] E nder manndaa makko gadano e nder laamu, o dañii heen gaññeeje e banndiraaɓe makko Yoruba en, ɓe cikkatnoo ko o fotnoo waɗde ko ɓuri ɗum ngam ɓamtude nafooje leñol makko e nder laamu.[300]

Caggal nde o nanngaa, Obasanjo wiyi wonde ñiŋooje ina kuutoree tan ngam tabitinde « goonga e haala am » e hollirde ñiŋooje makko « bonɗe e nder aduna dogɗo e bonɗo ».[299]

Defte ɗe obasanjo winndi

Watch am Volume 1: Nguurndam arano e konu

Watch am Volume 2: Geɗe politik e renndo

Watch am Volume 3: Jooni e ndeen

Nzeogwu

Daaba Wiyeteeɗo Neɗɗo

Fajiri Keso

Thabo Mbeki mo anndi

Afrik E Gite Patriot

Waɗde Afrik ina golla: Deftere janngirnde

Waɗde nanondiral e jokkondiral Amerik e Afrik: yeewtere joyaɓere nde David M. Abshire rokki, ñalnde 15 lewru Duujal hitaande 1987

Afrik e nder Yiyngo

Ɓataakeeji ngam waylude aduna: Gila e Pankhurst haa e Orwell

Wonaa Yiɗde am

Golle Demokaraasi : Rewindaade politik ngam nafoore Afrik

Watch am

Caɗeele Ardorde e nder Afrik

Gaañanɗe wolde : Coodguuli ƴellitaare e nder Sudaan worgo

Ardiiɓe ngam duwaawu moƴƴo

Caɗeele peewnugol ndema e kisal nguura e nder Afrik

Haɓde e caɗeele sukaaɓe Afrik e ŋakkeende nguura : darnde ndema Afrik e nder sosde golle

Dust Suspended: Ciimtol nguurndam koloñaal, caggal leydi e nguurndam dipolomaasi 1953 haa 1986

Afrik e lewru marse: deftere ngam faggudu leydi ndii

Suɓngooji Afrik teeŋtuɗi : Noddaango ngam ƴellitde laawol Pan-Afrik

Njeenaaje e teddungal

1981–87, tergal, Goomu UNESCO ngam jam e nder hakkillaaji worɓe

1983–89 Tergal, Goomu keeriiɗo ngam ustude kaɓirɗe e kisal (Goomu Olaf Palme)

1983, tergal Goomu annduɓe OMS ko faati e batte kaɓirɗe nukliyeer

1986, hooreejo fedde yimɓe mawɓe Commonwealth ko faati e Afrik worgo

1986, tergal, Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ko faati e Neɗɗo Toowɗo ko faati e jokkondiral hakkunde Ƴellitaare e Ƴellitaare

1987–93, gardiiɗo fedde winndereere ɓurnde moƴƴude, Wasinton D.C.

1988–89, Sosɗo e hooreejo, Fedde Ardorde Afrik e hooreejo, Yiilirde Ngenndiire, Fooyre Ardorde Afrik Inc. New York

1988 (mee), hooreejo, Heɗto Namibi, Fedde Adunaare Eklesiyaaji, Wasinton D.C

1988–99, Jaagorgal keeringal to Duɗal Adunawal Demal Toowngal, Ibadan

1989, tergal teddungal, Goomu toppitiingu njeenaari yimɓe Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe

1989, tergal, Fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore ngam ƴellitaare kaalis wonande leyɗeele ƴellitiiɗe (Komisiyoŋ Schmidt)

1989 Tergal, Goomu Wagginoore, Parlemaa Golle Adunaaje

1989–99, hooreejo, Goomu Wagginooji, Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (TI)

1990, tergal, Goomu Wagginoore, Duɗal Etikaaji Aduna

Tergal, Yiilirde Ngenndiire, duɗal Afriknaajo Ameriknaajo

1991–93, Bayyinoowo, Fedde Afrik lewru kala

1991, tergal, Diiso yimɓe mawɓe, Reso kaaldigal hakkunde leyɗeele, Carter Center to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Emory, Atlanta

1991, tergal, Diiso Wasiyaaji, Njeenaari Nguura Aduna, Des Moines, Iowa

1992, tergal, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e kaalis Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (Fondation Ford)

1993–95, tergal, Goomu Wasiyaaji Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ko faati e Afrik

1994 – Yiylotooɗo laawɗuɗo wooteeji to Mosammbik e noddaango laamu Mosammbik

1994–99 Tergal, Goomu Wagginoore, Goomu Carnegies ngam haɗde hareeji maayɗi

1995–99, ko o gardiiɗo PNUD ngam ƴellitaare aadee

Joom mum e mawɗo Promoter, Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde karallaagal Bells, Ota.[22]

Ƴeew kadi

Defterdu hooreejo leydi Olusegun Obasanjo